As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on June 3, 2009

 

Securities Act File No. 333-      

 

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

 

 

Form N-2

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

o Pre-Effective Amendment No.

o Post-Effective Amendment No.

 

 

 

 

Fifth Street Finance Corp.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in charter)

 

White Plains Plaza

445 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 1206

White Plains, NY 10601

(914) 286-6800

(Address and telephone number, including area code, of principal executive offices)

 

Leonard M. Tannenbaum

Fifth Street Finance Corp.

White Plains Plaza

445 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 1206

White Plains, NY 10601

 

(Name and address of agent for service)

 

 

 

 

Copies to:

 

Steven B. Boehm, Esq.

Harry S. Pangas, Esq.

Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP

1275 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20004-2415

Tel: (202) 383-0100

Fax: (202) 637-3593

 

Approximate date of proposed public offering:  From time to time after the effective date of this Registration Statement.

 

If any securities being registered on this form will be offered on a delayed or continuous basis in reliance on Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered in connection with a dividend reinvestment plan, check the following box.  þ

 

It is proposed that this filing will become effective (check appropriate box):

 

o when declared effective pursuant to Section 8(c).

 

 

 

 

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

 

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

 

SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED JUNE   , 2009

 

$500,000,000

 

Fifth Street Finance Corp.

 

Common Stock

 

We may offer, from time to time, up to $500,000,000 of shares of our common stock, $0.01 par value per share, in one or more offerings. Our common stock may be offered at prices and on terms to be disclosed in one or more supplements to this prospectus. The offering price per share of our common stock, less any underwriting commissions or discounts, will not be less than the net asset value per share of our common stock at the time of the offering, except (i) with the consent of the majority of our common stockholders or (ii) under such other circumstances as the Securities and Exchange Commission may permit. On          , 2009, our stockholders voted to allow us to issue common stock at a price below net asset value per share for a period of one year ending on          , 2010. In connection with the receipt of such stockholder approval, we agreed to limit the number of shares that we issue at a price below net asset value pursuant to this authorization so that the aggregate dilutive effect on our then outstanding shares will not exceed 15%. Shares of closed-end investment companies such as us frequently trade at a discount to their net asset value. This risk is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share may decline. We cannot predict whether our common stock will trade above, at or below net asset value. You should read this prospectus and the applicable prospectus supplement carefully before you invest in our common stock.

 

Our common stock may be offered directly to one or more purchasers through agents designated from time to time by us, or to or through underwriters or dealers. The prospectus supplement relating to the offering will identify any agents or underwriters involved in the sale of our common stock, and will disclose any applicable purchase price, fee, commission or discount arrangement between us and our agents or underwriters or among our underwriters or the basis upon which such amount may be calculated. See “Plan of Distribution.” We may not sell any of our common stock through agents, underwriters or dealers without delivery of a prospectus supplement describing the method and terms of the offering of such common stock.

 

We are a specialty finance company that lends to and invests in small and mid-sized companies in connection with investments by private equity sponsors. Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolio’s total return by generating current income from our debt investments and capital appreciation from our equity investments.

 

We are an externally managed, closed-end, non-diversified management investment company that has elected to be treated as a business development company under the Investment Company Act of 1940. We are managed by Fifth Street Management LLC, whose principals collectively have over 50 years of experience lending to and investing in small and mid-sized companies.

 

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FSC.” On June 1, 2009, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange was $9.70. Our net asset value per share of our common stock as of March 31, 2009 was $11.94.

 

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk, and should be considered highly speculative. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 to read about factors you should consider, including the risk of leverage, before investing in our common stock.

 

This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement contain important information about us that a prospective investor should know before investing in our common stock. Please read this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement before investing and keep them for future reference. We file periodic reports, current reports, proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission. This information is available free of charge by contacting us at White Plains Plaza, 445 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 1206, White Plains, NY 10601 or by telephone at (914) 286-6800 or on our website at www.fifthstreetfinance.com. Information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider that information to be part of this prospectus. The Securities and Exchange Commission also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains such information.

 

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

 

Prospectus dated          , 2009

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

 

 

 

ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

 

This prospectus is part of a registration statement that we have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, using the “shelf” registration process. Under the shelf registration process, we may offer, from time to time, up to $500,000,000 of shares of our common stock on terms to be determined at the time of the offering. This prospectus provides you with a general description of the common stock that we may offer. Each time we use this prospectus to offer common stock, we will provide a prospectus supplement that will contain specific information about the terms of that offering. The prospectus supplement may also add, update or change information contained in this prospectus. Please carefully read this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement together with the additional information described under “Available Information” and “Risk Factors” before you make an investment decision.

No dealer, salesperson or other person is authorized to give any information or to represent anything not contained in this prospectus or any accompanying supplement to this prospectus. You must not rely on any unauthorized information or representations not contained in this prospectus or any accompanying prospectus supplement as if we had authorized it. This prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement do not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of any offer to buy any security other than the registered securities to which they relate, nor do they constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities in any jurisdiction to any person to whom it is unlawful to make such an offer or solicitation in such jurisdiction. The information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement is accurate as of the dates on their covers.

 

PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

	•	Capitalize on our investment adviser’s strong relationships with private equity sponsors.  Our investment adviser has developed an extensive network of relationships with private equity sponsors that invest in small and mid-sized companies. We believe that the strength of these relationships is due to a common investment philosophy, a consistent market focus, a rigorous approach to diligence and a reputation for delivering on commitments. In addition to being our principal source of originations, we believe that private equity sponsors provide significant benefits including incremental due diligence, additional monitoring capabilities and a potential source of capital and operational expertise for our portfolio companies.
	•	Focus on established small and mid-sized companies.  We believe that there are fewer finance companies focused on transactions involving small and mid-sized companies than larger companies, and that this is one factor that allows us to negotiate favorable investment terms. Such favorable terms include higher debt yields and lower leverage levels, more significant covenant protection and greater equity grants than typical of transactions involving larger companies. We generally invest in companies with established market positions, seasoned management teams, proven products and services and strong regional or national operations. We believe that these companies possess better risk-adjusted return profiles than newer companies that are building management or in early stages of building a revenue base.
	•	Continue our growth of direct originations.  We directly originated 100% of our investments. Over the last several years, the principals of our investment adviser have developed an origination strategy designed to ensure that the number and quality of our investment opportunities allows us to continue to directly originate substantially all of our investments. We divide the country geographically and emphasize active, consistent sponsor coverage.
	•	Employ disciplined underwriting policies and rigorous portfolio management.  Our investment adviser has developed an extensive underwriting process which includes a review of the prospects, competitive position, financial performance and industry dynamics of each potential portfolio company. In addition, we perform substantial diligence on potential investments, and seek to invest with private equity sponsors who have proven capabilities in building value. As part of the monitoring process, our investment adviser will analyze

		monthly and quarterly financial statements versus the previous periods and year, review financial projections, meet with management, attend board meetings and review all compliance certificates and covenants.

	•	Structure our investments to minimize risk of loss and achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns.  We structure our loan investments on a conservative basis with high cash yields, cash origination fees, low leverage levels and strong investment protections. As of March 31, 2009, the weighted average annualized yield of our debt investments was approximately 16.4%, which includes a cash component of 13.4%. The 26 debt investments in our portfolio as of March 31, 2009, had a weighted average debt to EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization) multiple of 3.6x calculated at the time of origination of the investment. Finally, our debt investments have strong protections, including default penalties, information rights, board observation rights, and affirmative, negative and financial covenants, such as lien protection and prohibitions against change of control. We believe these protections reduce our risk of capital loss.
	•	Leverage the skills and experience of our investment adviser.  The principals of our investment adviser collectively have over 50 years of experience lending to and investing in small and mid-sized companies. The principals of our investment adviser have broad investment backgrounds, with prior experience at private investment funds, investment banks and other financial services companies and they also have experience managing distressed companies. We believe that our investment adviser’s expertise in valuing, structuring, negotiating and closing transactions provides us with a competitive advantage by allowing us to provide financing solutions that meet the needs of our portfolio companies while adhering to our underwriting standards.

 

THE OFFERING

Use of proceeds		We intend to use substantially all of the net proceeds from this offering to make investments in small and mid-sized companies in accordance with our investment objective and strategies described in this prospectus. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to reduce our outstanding borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility and to capitalize our SBIC subsidiary to the extent our application to license this entity as an SBIC is approved. Pending such use, we will invest the net proceeds primarily in high quality, short-term debt securities consistent with our business development company election and our election to be taxed as a RIC. See “Use of Proceeds.”
New York Stock Exchange symbol		“FSC”
Management arrangements		Fifth Street Management serves as our investment adviser. FSC, Inc. serves as our administrator. For a description of Fifth Street Management and FSC, Inc. and our contractual arrangements with these companies, see “Investment Advisory Agreement” and “Administration Agreement.”
Distributions		We intend to pay quarterly dividends to our stockholders out of assets legally available for distribution. Our distributions, if any, will be determined by our Board of Directors.
Taxation		We elected to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. Accordingly, we generally will not pay corporate-level federal income taxes on any net ordinary income or capital gains that we distribute to our stockholders as dividends. To maintain our RIC tax treatment, we must meet specified source-of-income and asset diversification requirements and distribute annually at least 90% of our net ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. Depending on the level of taxable income earned in a tax year, we may choose to carry forward taxable income in excess of current year distributions into the next tax year and pay a 4% excise tax on such income. Any such carryover taxable income must be distributed

		through a dividend declared prior to filing the final tax return related to the year which generated such taxable income. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”
Dividend Reinvestment plan		We have adopted a dividend reinvestment plan for our stockholders. The dividend reinvestment plan is an “opt out” reinvestment plan. As a result, if we declare a distribution, then stockholders’ cash distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, unless they specifically “opt out” of the dividend reinvestment plan so as to receive cash distributions. Stockholders who receive distributions in the form of stock will be subject to the same federal, state and local tax consequences as stockholders who elect to receive their distributions in cash. See “Dividend Reinvestment Plan.”
Risk factors		Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the information found in “Risk Factors,” including the following risks:
		• We are currently in a period of capital markets disruption and recession and we do not expect these conditions to improve in the near future.
		• A significant portion of our investment portfolio is and will continue to be recorded at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors and, as a result, there is and will continue to be uncertainty as to the value of our portfolio investments.
		• Our business model depends to a significant extent upon strong referral relationships with private equity sponsors, and the inability of the principals of our investment adviser to maintain or develop these relationships, or the failure of these relationships to generate investment opportunities, could adversely affect our business.
		• We may face increasing competition for investment opportunities, which could reduce returns and result in losses.
		• Because we borrow money, the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested in us will be magnified and may increase the risk of investing in us.
		• Regulations governing our operation as a business development company and RIC affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital or borrow for investment purposes, which may have a negative effect on our growth.
		• Because we intend to distribute between 90% and 100% of our income to our stockholders in connection with our election to be treated as a RIC, we will continue to need additional capital to finance our growth. If additional funds are unavailable or not available on favorable terms, our ability to grow will be impaired.
		• We will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to maintain our qualification as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code or do not satisfy the annual distribution requirement.

		• We may not be able to pay you distributions, our distributions may not grow over time and a portion of our distributions may be a return of capital.
		• Our investments in portfolio companies may be risky, and we could lose all or part of our investment.
		• Investing in small and mid-sized companies involves a number of significant risks. Among other things, these companies:
		• may have limited financial resources and may be unable to meet their obligations under their debt instruments that we hold, which may be accompanied by a deterioration in the value of any collateral and a reduction in the likelihood of us realizing any guarantees from subsidiaries or affiliates of our portfolio companies that we may have obtained in connection with our investment, as well as a corresponding decrease in the value of the equity components of our investments;
		• may have shorter operating histories, narrower product lines, smaller market shares and/or significant customer concentrations than larger businesses, which tend to render them more vulnerable to competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic downturns;
		• are more likely to depend on the management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore, the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these persons could have a material adverse impact on our portfolio company and, in turn, on us;
		• generally have less predictable operating results, may from time to time be parties to litigation, may be engaged in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a substantial risk of obsolescence, and may require substantial additional capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their competitive position; and
		• generally have less publicly available information about their businesses, operations and financial condition. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, we may not make a fully informed investment decision, and may lose all or part of our investment.
		• Our portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, our investments in such companies.
		• Shares of closed-end investment companies, including business development companies, may trade at a discount to their net asset value.
		• We may be unable to invest a significant portion of the net proceeds of this offering on acceptable terms in the timeframe contemplated by this prospectus.
		• Stockholders may incur dilution if we sell shares of our common stock in one or more offerings at prices below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock.

		• The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly. See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 12 for a more complete discussion of these and other risks you should carefully consider before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.
Leverage		We expect to continue to use leverage to make investments. As a result, we may continue to be exposed to the risks of leverage, which include that leverage may be considered a speculative investment technique. The use of leverage magnifies the potential for gain and loss on amounts invested and therefore increases the risks associated with investing in our shares of common stock.
Available information		We file periodic reports, current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. This information is available at the SEC’s public reference room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549 and on the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. The public may obtain information on the operation of the SEC’s public reference room by calling the SEC at (202) 551-8090. This information is also available free of charge by contacting us at Fifth Street Finance Corp., White Plains Plaza, 445 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 1206, White Plains, NY, 10601, by telephone at (914) 286-6800, or on our website at http://www.fifthstreetfinance.com. The information on this website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus.

 

FEES AND EXPENSES

Stockholder transaction expenses:
Sales load (as a percentage of offering price)			—	%(1)
Offering expenses borne by us (as a percentage of offering price)			—	%(2)
Dividend reinvestment plan fees			—	%(3)
Total stockholder transaction expenses (as a percentage of offering price)			—	%(4)
Annual expenses (as a percentage of net assets attributable to common stock):
Management fees			4.63	%(5)
Interest payments on borrowed funds			0.24	%(6)
Other expenses			1.21	%
Total annual expenses			6.08	%

		1 Year				3 Years				5 Years				10 Years
You would pay the following expenses on a $1,000 investment, assuming a 5% annual return		$	80			$	208			$	334			$	633

(1)		In the event that our common stock is sold to or through underwriters, a corresponding prospectus supplement will disclose the applicable sales load.
(2)		In the event that we conduct on offering of our common stock, a corresponding prospectus supplement will disclose the estimated offering expenses.
(3)		The expenses of administering our dividend reinvestment plan are included in operating expenses.
(4)		Total stockholder transaction expenses may include sales load and will be disclosed in a future prospectus supplement, if any.
(5)		Our “management fees” are made up of our base management fee and the incentive fees payable under our investment advisory agreement. The base management fee portion of our “management fees” reflected in the table above is 2.16%, which is calculated based on our net assets (rather than our gross assets). Our base management fee under the investment advisory agreement is based on our gross assets, which includes borrowings for investment purposes. See “Investment Advisory Agreement — Overview of Our Investment Adviser — Management Fee.”
		The incentive fee portion of our “management fees” is 2.47%. This calculation assumes that annual incentive fees earned by our investment adviser remain consistent with the incentive fees earned by our investment adviser during the quarter ended March 31, 2009, which totaled $1.9 million. The incentive fee consists of two parts. The first part, which is payable quarterly in arrears, will equal 20% of the excess, if any, of our “Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income” that exceeds a 2% quarterly (8% annualized) hurdle rate, subject to a “catch up” provision measured at the end of each fiscal quarter. The first part of the incentive fee will be computed and paid on income that may include interest that is accrued but not yet received in cash. The operation of the first part of the incentive fee for each quarter is as follows:
		• no incentive fee is payable to the investment adviser in any fiscal quarter in which our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income does not exceed the hurdle rate of 2% (the “preferred return” or “hurdle”).
		• 100% of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income with respect to that portion of such Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income, if any, that exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than or equal to 2.5% in any fiscal quarter (10% annualized) is payable to the investment adviser. We refer to this portion of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income (which exceeds the hurdle rate but is less than or equal to 2.5%) as the “catch-up.”

		The “catch-up” provision is intended to provide our investment adviser with an incentive fee of 20% on all of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income as if a hurdle rate did not apply when our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income exceeds 2.5% in any fiscal quarter; and
		• 20% of the amount of our Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income, if any, that exceeds 2.5% in any fiscal quarter (10% annualized) is payable to the investment adviser (once the hurdle is reached and the catch-up is achieved, 20% of all Pre-Incentive Fee Net Investment Income thereafter is allocated to the investment adviser).
		The second part of the incentive fee equals 20% of our “Incentive Fee Capital Gains,” which equals our realized capital gains on a cumulative basis from inception through the end of the year, if any, computed net of all realized capital losses and unrealized capital depreciation on a cumulative basis, less the aggregate amount of any previously paid capital gain incentive fees. The second part of the incentive fee is payable, in arrears, at the end of each fiscal year (or upon termination of the investment advisory agreement, as of the termination date), commencing with the year ending September 30, 2008.
(5)		“Interest payments on borrowed funds” represent our estimated annual interest payments on borrowed funds.
(6)		“Total annual expenses” as a percentage of consolidated net assets attributable to common stock are higher than the total annual expenses percentage would be for a company that is not leveraged. We borrow money to leverage our net assets and increase our total assets. The SEC requires that the “Total annual expenses” percentage be calculated as a percentage of net assets (defined as total assets less indebtedness and before taking into account any incentive fees payable during the period), rather than the total assets, including assets that have been funded with borrowed monies. If the “Total annual expenses” percentage were calculated instead as a percentage of consolidated total assets, our “Total annual expenses” would be 5.62% of consolidated total assets.

 

SELECTED FINANCIAL AND OTHER DATA

														At
														September 30,
														2007
		At and for				At and for								and for the
		the Six				the Six				At and for				Period
		Months				Months				the Year				February 15
		Ended				Ended				Ended				through
		March 31,				March 31,				September 30,				September 30,
		2009				2008				2008				2007
		(Unaudited)				(Unaudited)
		(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Statements of Operations Data:
Total investment income		$	24,505			$	12,281			$	33,219			$	4,296
Base management fee			2,859				1,799				4,258				1,564
Incentive fee			3,924				1,020				4,118				—
All other expenses			2,024				1,708				4,699				1,773
Net investment income			15,698				7,754				20,144				959
Unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments			(10,733	)			(2,046	)			(16,948	)			123
Realized gain (loss) on investments			(12,400	)			—				62				—
Net increase (decrease) in partners’ capital/net assets resulting from operations			(7,435	)			5,708				3,258				1,082
Per Share Data:
Net Asset Value per common share at period end		$	11.94			$	14.12			$	13.02				N/A
Market price at period end(1)			7.74				N/A				10.05				N/A
Net investment income			0.69				0.62				0.89				N/A
Realized and unrealized gain (loss)			(1.03	)			(0.16	)			(0.75	)			N/A
Net increase (decrease) in partners’ capital/net assets resulting from operations			(0.34	)			0.46				0.14				N/A
Dividends declared			0.70				—				0.61				N/A
Balance Sheet Data at Period End:
Total investments at fair value		$	290,777			$	188,109			$	273,759			$	88,391
Cash and cash equivalents			3,722				2,453				22,906				17,654
Other assets			3,117				2,772				2,484				1,285
Total assets			297,616				193,334				299,149				107,330
Total liabilities			25,263				17,124				4,813				514
Total stockholders’ equity			272,353				176,210				294,336				106,816
Other Data:
Weighted average effective yield on investments(2)			16.4	%			16.7	%			16.2	%			16.8	%
Number of portfolio companies at period end			26				19				24				10

		For the Quarter Ended
		March 31,				December 31,				September 30,				June 30,				March 31,				December 31,				September 30,				June 30,				March 31,
		2009				2008				2008				2008				2008				2007				2007				2007				2007(3)
		(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
Selected Quarterly Data (unaudited):
Total investment income		$	11,920			$	12,585			$	11,748			$	9,190			$	6,854			$	5,427			$	2,753			$	1,481			$	62
Net investment income (loss)			7,488				8,210				7,255				5,135				4,080				3,674				1,070				(72	)			(39	)
Realized and unrealized gain (loss)			(4,651	)			(18,482	)			(4,396	)			(10,445	)			(1,569	)			(476	)			123				—				—
Net increase (decrease) in partners’ capital/net assets resulting from operations			2,837				(10,272	)			2,859				(5,310	)			2,511				3,198				1,193				(72	)			(39	)
Net Asset Value per common share at period end		$	11.94			$	11.86			$	13.02			$	13.20			$	14.12			$	13.92				N/A				N/A				N/A

(1)		Our common stock commenced trading on the New York Stock Exchange on June 12, 2008. There was no established public trading price for the stock prior to that date.
(2)		Weighted average effective yield is calculated based upon our debt investments at the end of the period.
(3)		For the period February 15 (inception) through March 31, 2007.

 

Investing in our common stock involves a number of significant risks. In addition to the other information contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, you should consider carefully the following information before making an investment in our common stock. The risks set out below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or not presently deemed material by us might also impair our operations and performance. If any of the following events occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In such case, our net asset value and the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

 

Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure

 

We are currently in a period of capital markets disruption and recession and we do not expect these conditions to improve in the near future.

 

The U.S. capital markets have been experiencing extreme volatility and disruption for more than 12 months and the U.S. economy has entered into a period of recession. Disruptions in the capital markets have increased the spread between the yields realized on risk-free and higher risk securities, resulting in illiquidity in parts of the capital markets. We believe these conditions may continue for a prolonged period of time or worsen in the future. A prolonged period of market illiquidity may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Unfavorable economic conditions also could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. These events could limit our investment originations, limit our ability to grow and negatively impact our operating results.

 

Economic recessions, including the current recession, or downturns could impair the ability of our portfolio companies to repay loans, which, in turn, could increase our non-performing assets, decrease the value of our portfolio, reduce our volume of new loans and harm our operating results, which might have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

 

Many of our portfolio companies are and may be susceptible to economic slowdowns or recessions and may be unable to repay our loans during such periods. Therefore, our non-performing assets are likely to increase and the value of our portfolio is likely to decrease during such periods. Adverse economic conditions also may decrease the value of collateral securing some of our loans and the value of our equity investments. In this regard, as a result of current economic conditions and their impact on certain of our portfolio companies, we have agreed to modify the payment terms of our investments in nine of our portfolio companies as of March 31, 2009. Such modified terms may include changes in payment-in-kind interest provisions and cash interest rates. These modifications, and any future modifications to our loan agreements as a result of the current economic conditions or otherwise, may limit the amount of interest income that we recognize from the modified investments, which may, in turn, limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders and have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

 

Changes in interest rates may affect our cost of capital and net investment income.

 

Because we may borrow to fund our investments, a portion of our net investment income may be dependent upon the difference between the interest rate at which we borrow funds and the interest rate at which we invest these funds. A portion of our investments will have fixed interest rates, while a portion of our borrowings will likely have floating interest rates. As a result, a significant change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our net investment income. In periods of rising interest rates, our cost of funds could increase, which would reduce our net investment income. We may hedge against such interest rate fluctuations by using standard hedging instruments such as futures, options and forward contracts, subject to applicable legal requirements, including without limitation, all necessary registrations (or exemptions from registration) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. These activities may limit our ability to participate in the benefits of lower interest rates with respect to the hedged borrowings. Adverse developments resulting from changes in interest rates or hedging transactions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have a limited operating history.

 

Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. commenced operations on February 15, 2007. On January 2, 2008, Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. merged with and into Fifth Street Finance Corp., a newly formed Delaware corporation. As a result, we are subject to all of the business risks and uncertainties associated with any new business, including the risk that we will not achieve our investment objective and that the value of our common stock could decline substantially.

 

We currently have a limited number of investments in our investment portfolio. As a result, a loss on one or more of those investments would have a more adverse effect on our company than the effect such loss would have on a company with a larger and more diverse investment portfolio.

 

As a new company with a limited operating history, we have not had the opportunity to invest in a large number of portfolio companies. As a result, until we have increased the number of investments in our investment portfolio, a loss on one or more of our investments would affect us more adversely than such loss would affect a company with a larger and more diverse investment portfolio.

 

A significant portion of our investment portfolio is and will continue to be recorded at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors and, as a result, there is and will continue to be uncertainty as to the value of our portfolio investments.

 

Under the 1940 Act, we are required to carry our portfolio investments at market value or, if there is no readily available market value, at fair value as determined by our Board of Directors. Typically, there is not a public market for the securities of the privately held companies in which we have invested and will generally continue to invest. As a result, we value these securities quarterly at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors.

 

Certain factors that may be considered in determining the fair value of our investments include the nature and realizable value of any collateral, the portfolio company’s earnings and its ability to make payments on its indebtedness, the markets in which the portfolio company does business, comparison to comparable publicly-traded companies, discounted cash flow and other relevant factors. Because such valuations, and particularly valuations of private securities and private companies, are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates, our determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have been used if a ready market for these securities existed. Due to this uncertainty, our fair value determinations may cause our net asset value on a given date to materially understate or overstate the value that we may ultimately realize upon the sale of one or more of our investments. As a result, investors purchasing our common stock based on an overstated net asset value would pay a higher price than the realizable value of our investments might warrant.

 

Our ability to achieve our investment objective depends on our investment adviser’s ability to support our investment process; if our investment adviser were to lose any of its principals, our ability to achieve our investment objective could be significantly harmed.

 

Fifth Street Management is a new investment adviser and, as discussed above, we were organized on February 15, 2007. We have no employees and, as a result, we depend on the investment expertise, skill and network of business contacts of the principals of our investment adviser. The principals of our investment adviser evaluate, negotiate, structure, execute, monitor and service our investments. Our future success will depend to a significant extent on the continued service and coordination of the principals of our investment adviser, Messrs. Tannenbaum, Goodman, Alva, Berman and Dimitrov. The departure of any of these individuals could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objective.

 

Our ability to achieve our investment objective depends on our investment adviser’s ability to identify, analyze, invest in, finance and monitor companies that meet our investment criteria. Our investment adviser’s capabilities in structuring the investment process, providing competent, attentive and efficient services to us, and facilitating access to financing on acceptable terms depend on the employment of investment professionals in adequate number and of adequate sophistication to match the corresponding flow of transactions. To achieve our investment objective, our investment adviser may need to hire, train, supervise and manage new investment professionals to participate in our investment selection and monitoring process. Our investment adviser may not be able to find

investment professionals in a timely manner or at all. Failure to support our investment process could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Our investment adviser has no prior experience managing a business development company or a RIC.

 

The 1940 Act and the Code impose numerous constraints on the operations of business development companies and RICs that do not apply to the other investment vehicles previously managed by the principals of our investment adviser. For example, under the 1940 Act, business development companies are required to invest at least 70% of their total assets primarily in securities of qualifying U.S. private or thinly traded companies. Moreover, qualification for taxation as a RIC under subchapter M of the Code requires satisfaction of source-of-income and diversification requirements and our ability to avoid corporate-level taxes on our income and gains depends on our satisfaction of distribution requirements. The failure to comply with these provisions in a timely manner could prevent us from qualifying as a business development company or RIC or could force us to pay unexpected taxes and penalties, which could be material. Our investment adviser does not have any prior experience managing a business development company or RIC. Its lack of experience in managing a portfolio of assets under such constraints may hinder its ability to take advantage of attractive investment opportunities and, as a result, achieve our investment objective.

 

Our business model depends to a significant extent upon strong referral relationships with private equity sponsors, and the inability of the principals of our investment adviser to maintain or develop these relationships, or the failure of these relationships to generate investment opportunities, could adversely affect our business.

 

We expect that the principals of our investment adviser will maintain their relationships with private equity sponsors, and we will rely to a significant extent upon these relationships to provide us with potential investment opportunities. If the principals of our investment adviser fail to maintain their existing relationships or develop new relationships with other sponsors or sources of investment opportunities, we will not be able to grow our investment portfolio. In addition, individuals with whom the principals of our investment adviser have relationships are not obligated to provide us with investment opportunities, and, therefore, there is no assurance that such relationships will generate investment opportunities for us.

 

We may face increasing competition for investment opportunities, which could reduce returns and result in losses.

 

We compete for investments with other business development companies and investment funds (including private equity funds and mezzanine funds), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks and other sources of funding. Many of our competitors are substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical and marketing resources than we do. For example, some competitors may have a lower cost of capital and access to funding sources that are not available to us. In addition, some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments than we have. These characteristics could allow our competitors to consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and offer better pricing and more flexible structuring than we are able to do. We may lose investment opportunities if we do not match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure. If we are forced to match our competitors’ pricing, terms and structure, we may not be able to achieve acceptable returns on our investments or may bear substantial risk of capital loss. A significant part of our competitive advantage stems from the fact that the market for investments in small and mid-sized companies is underserved by traditional commercial banks and other financial sources. A significant increase in the number and/or the size of our competitors in this target market could force us to accept less attractive investment terms. Furthermore, many of our competitors have greater experience operating under, or are not subject to, the regulatory restrictions that the 1940 Act imposes on us as a business development company.

 

Our incentive fee may induce our investment adviser to make speculative investments.

 

The incentive fee payable by us to our investment adviser may create an incentive for it to make investments on our behalf that are risky or more speculative than would be the case in the absence of such compensation arrangement, which could result in higher investment losses, particularly during cyclical economic downturns. The

way in which the incentive fee payable to our investment adviser is determined may encourage our investment adviser to use leverage to increase the return on our investments. In addition, the fact that our base management fee is payable based upon our gross assets, which would include any borrowings for investment purposes, may encourage our investment adviser to use leverage to make additional investments. Under certain circumstances, the use of leverage may increase the likelihood of default, which would disfavor holders of our common stock.

 

The incentive fee payable by us to our investment adviser also may create an incentive for our investment adviser to invest on our behalf in instruments that have a deferred interest feature. Under these investments, we would accrue the interest over the life of the investment but would not receive the cash income from the investment until the end of the investment’s term, if at all. Our net investment income used to calculate the income portion of our incentive fee, however, includes accrued interest. Thus, a portion of the incentive fee would be based on income that we have not yet received in cash and may never receive in cash if the portfolio company is unable to satisfy such interest payment obligation to us.

 

Because we borrow money, the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested in us will be magnified and may increase the risk of investing in us.

 

Borrowings, also known as leverage, magnify the potential for gain or loss on invested equity capital. If we continue to use leverage to partially finance our investments, through borrowings from banks and other lenders, you will experience increased risks of investing in our common stock. If the value of our assets decreases, leveraging would cause net asset value to decline more sharply than it otherwise would have had we not leveraged. Similarly, any decrease in our income would cause net income to decline more sharply than it would have had we not borrowed. Such a decline could negatively affect our ability to make common stock distribution payments. Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique.

 

At March 31, 2009, we had $21.0 million of indebtedness outstanding, which had a weighted average annualized interest cost of 4.0%. In order for us to cover these annualized interest payments on indebtedness, we must achieve annual returns on our assets of at least 0.28% based on the amount of our assets at March 31, 2009.

 

Illustration.  The following table illustrates the effect of leverage on returns from an investment in our common stock assuming various annual returns, net of expenses. The calculations in the table below are hypothetical and actual returns may be higher or lower than those appearing below. The calculation assumes (i) $297.6 million in total assets, (ii) a weighted average cost of borrowings of 4.0%, (iii) $21.0 million in debt outstanding and (iv) $272.4 million in stockholders’ equity.

 

Assumed Return on Our Portfolio
(net of expenses)

 

 

Because we intend to distribute between 90% and 100% of our income to our stockholders in connection with our election to be treated as a RIC, we will continue to need additional capital to finance our growth. If additional funds are unavailable or not available on favorable terms, our ability to grow will be impaired.

 

In order to qualify for the tax benefits available to RICs and to minimize corporate-level taxes, we intend to distribute to our stockholders between 90% and 100% of our annual taxable income, except that we may retain certain net capital gains for investment, and treat such amounts as deemed distributions to our stockholders. If we elect to treat any amounts as deemed distributions, we must pay income taxes at the corporate rate on such deemed distributions on behalf of our stockholders. As a result of these requirements, we will likely need to raise capital from other sources to grow our business. As a business development company, we generally are required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets, less liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, to total senior securities, which includes all of our borrowings and any outstanding preferred stock, of at least 200%. These requirements limit the amount that we may borrow. Because we will continue to need capital to grow our investment portfolio,

these limitations may prevent us from incurring debt and require us to raise additional equity at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so. While we expect to be able to borrow and to issue additional debt and equity securities, we cannot assure you that debt and equity financing will be available to us on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, as a business development company, we generally are not permitted to issue equity securities priced below net asset value without stockholder approval. If additional funds are not available to us, we could be forced to curtail or cease new investment activities, and our net asset value could decline.

 

Unfavorable economic conditions or other factors may affect our ability to borrow for investment purposes, and may therefore adversely affect our ability to achieve our investment objective.

 

Unfavorable economic conditions or other factors could increase our funding costs, limit our access to the capital markets or result in a decision by lenders not to extend credit to us. An inability to successfully access the capital markets could limit our ability to grow our business and fully execute our business strategy and could decrease our earnings, if any.

 

Our ability to enter into transactions with our affiliates is restricted.

 

We are prohibited under the 1940 Act from participating in certain transactions with certain of our affiliates without the prior approval of the members of our independent directors and, in some cases, the SEC. Any person that owns, directly or indirectly, 5% or more of our outstanding voting securities is our affiliate for purposes of the 1940 Act and we are generally prohibited from buying or selling any securities (other than our securities) from or to such affiliate, absent the prior approval of our independent directors. The 1940 Act also prohibits certain “joint” transactions with certain of our affiliates, which could include investments in the same portfolio company (whether at the same or different times), without prior approval of our independent directors and, in some cases, the SEC. If a person acquires more than 25% of our voting securities, we are prohibited from buying or selling any security (other than any security of which we are the issuer) from or to such person or certain of that person’s affiliates, or entering into prohibited joint transactions with such persons, absent the prior approval of the SEC. Similar restrictions limit our ability to transact business with our officers or directors or their affiliates. As a result of these restrictions, we may be prohibited from buying or selling any security (other than any security of which we are the issuer) from or to any portfolio company of a private equity fund managed by our investment adviser without the prior approval of the SEC, which may limit the scope of investment opportunities that would otherwise be available to us.

 

There are significant potential conflicts of interest which could adversely impact our investment returns.

 

Our executive officers and directors, and the members of our investment adviser, serve or may serve as officers, directors or principals of entities that operate in the same or a related line of business as we do or of investment funds managed by our affiliates. Accordingly, they may have obligations to investors in those entities, the fulfillment of which might not be in the best interests of us or our stockholders. For example, Mr. Tannenbaum, our president and chief executive officer, and managing partner of our investment adviser, is the managing partner of Fifth Street Capital LLC, a private investment firm. Although the other investment funds managed by Fifth Street Capital LLC and its affiliates generally are fully committed and, other than follow-on investments in existing portfolio companies, are no longer making investments, in the future, the principals of our investment adviser may manage other funds which may from time to time have overlapping investment objectives with those of us and accordingly invest in, whether principally or secondarily, asset classes similar to those targeted by us. If this should occur, the principals of our investment adviser will face conflicts of interest in the allocation of investment opportunities to us and such other funds. Although our investment professionals will endeavor to allocate investment opportunities in a fair and equitable manner, it is possible that we may not be given the opportunity to participate in certain investments made by such other funds.

 

The incentive fee we pay to our investment adviser in respect of capital gains may be effectively greater than 20%.

 

As a result of the operation of the cumulative method of calculating the capital gains portion of the incentive fee we pay to our investment adviser, the cumulative aggregate capital gains fee received by our investment adviser could be effectively greater than 20%, depending on the timing and extent of subsequent net realized capital losses

or net unrealized depreciation. For additional information on this calculation, see the disclosure in footnote 2 to Example 2 under the caption “Investment Advisory Agreement — Management Fee — Incentive Fee.” We cannot predict whether, or to what extent, this payment calculation would affect your investment in our stock.

 

The involvement of our investment adviser’s investment professionals in our valuation process may create conflicts of interest.

 

Our portfolio investments are generally not in publicly traded securities. As a result, the values of these securities are not readily available. We value these securities at fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors based upon the recommendation of the Valuation Committee of our Board of Directors. In connection with that determination, investment professionals from our investment adviser prepare portfolio company valuations based upon the most recent portfolio company financial statements available and projected financial results of each portfolio company. The participation of our investment adviser’s investment professionals in our valuation process could result in a conflict of interest as our investment adviser’s management fee is based, in part, on our gross assets.

 

A failure on our part to maintain our qualification as a business development company would significantly reduce our operating flexibility.

 

If we fail to continuously qualify as a business development company, we might be subject to regulation as a registered closed-end investment company under the 1940 Act, which would significantly decrease our operating flexibility. In addition, failure to comply with the requirements imposed on business development companies by the 1940 Act could cause the SEC to bring an enforcement action against us. For additional information on the qualification requirements of a business development company, see the disclosure under the caption “Regulation”

 

Regulations governing our operation as a business development company and RIC affect our ability to raise, and the way in which we raise, additional capital or borrow for investment purposes, which may have a negative effect on our growth.

 

As a result of the annual distribution requirement to qualify for tax free treatment at the corporate level on income and gains distributed to stockholders, we need to periodically access the capital markets to raise cash to fund new investments. We may issue “senior securities,” including borrowing money from banks or other financial institutions only in amounts such that our asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% after such incurrence or issuance. Our ability to issue different types of securities is also limited. Compliance with these requirements may unfavorably limit our investment opportunities and reduce our ability in comparison to other companies to profit from favorable spreads between the rates at which we can borrow and the rates at which we can lend. As a business development company, therefore, we may need to issue equity more frequently than our privately owned competitors, which may lead to greater stockholder dilution.

 

We expect to continue to borrow for investment purposes. If the value of our assets declines, we may be unable to satisfy the asset coverage test, which could prohibit us from paying dividends and could prevent us from qualifying as a RIC. If we cannot satisfy the asset coverage test, we may be required to sell a portion of our investments and, depending on the nature of our debt financing, repay a portion of our indebtedness at a time when such sales may be disadvantageous.

 

We generally are not able to issue or sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share, which may be a disadvantage as compared with other public companies. We may, however, sell our common stock, or warrants, options or rights to acquire our common stock, at a price below the current net asset value of the common stock if our Board of Directors and independent directors determine that such sale is in our best interests and the best interests of our stockholders, and our stockholders as well as those stockholders that are not affiliated with us approve such sale. In any such case, the price at which our securities are to be issued and sold may not be less than a price that, in the determination of our Board of Directors, closely approximates the market value of such securities (less any underwriting commission or discount). If our common stock trades at a discount to net asset value, this restriction could adversely affect our ability to raise capital. See “Risk Factors — Risks Relating to an Offering of Our Common Stock — Stockholders may incur dilution if we sell shares of our common stock in one or more

offerings at prices below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock” for a discussion of a proposal approved by our stockholders that permits us to issue shares of our common stock below net asset value.

 

We also may make rights offerings to our stockholders at prices less than net asset value, subject to applicable requirements of the 1940 Act. If we raise additional funds by issuing more shares of our common stock or issuing senior securities convertible into, or exchangeable for, our common stock, the percentage ownership of our stockholders may decline at that time and such stockholders may experience dilution. Moreover, we can offer no assurance that we will be able to issue and sell additional equity securities in the future, on terms favorable to us or at all.

 

In addition, we may in the future seek to securitize our portfolio securities to generate cash for funding new investments. To securitize loans, we would likely create a wholly-owned subsidiary and contribute a pool of loans to the subsidiary. We would then sell interests in the subsidiary on a non-recourse basis to purchasers and we would retain all or a portion of the equity in the subsidiary. An inability to successfully securitize our loan portfolio could limit our ability to grow our business or fully execute our business strategy and may decrease our earnings, if any. The securitization market is subject to changing market conditions and we may not be able to access this market when we would otherwise deem appropriate. Moreover, the successful securitization of our portfolio might expose us to losses as the residual investments in which we do not sell interests will tend to be those that are riskier and more apt to generate losses. The 1940 Act also may impose restrictions on the structure of any securitization.

 

We may experience fluctuations in our quarterly results.

 

We could experience fluctuations in our quarterly operating results due to a number of factors, including our ability or inability to make investments in companies that meet our investment criteria, the interest rate payable on the debt securities we acquire, the level of our expenses, variations in and the timing of the recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. As a result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as being indicative of performance in future periods.

 

Our Board of Directors may change our investment objective, operating policies and strategies without prior notice or stockholder approval, the effects of which may be adverse.

 

Our Board of Directors has the authority to modify or waive our current investment objective, operating policies and strategies without prior notice and without stockholder approval. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current investment objective, operating policies and strategies would have on our business, net asset value, operating results and value of our stock. However, the effects might be adverse, which could negatively impact our ability to pay you distributions and cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

 

We will be subject to corporate-level income tax if we are unable to maintain our qualification as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code or do not satisfy the annual distribution requirement.

 

To maintain RIC status and be relieved of federal taxes on income and gains distributed to our stockholders, we must meet the following annual distribution, income source and asset diversification requirements.

 

 

 

If we fail to qualify for or maintain RIC status or to meet the annual distribution requirement for any reason and are subject to corporate income tax, the resulting corporate taxes could substantially reduce our net assets, the amount of income available for distribution and the amount of our distributions.

 

We may not be able to pay you distributions, our distributions may not grow over time and a portion of our distributions may be a return of capital.

 

We intend to pay quarterly distributions to our stockholders out of assets legally available for distribution. We cannot assure you that we will achieve investment results that will allow us to make a specified level of cash distributions or year-to-year increases in cash distributions. Our ability to pay distributions might be adversely affected by, among other things, the impact of one or more of the risk factors described in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement. In addition, the inability to satisfy the asset coverage test applicable to us as a business development company can limit our ability to pay distributions. All distributions will be paid at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on our earnings, our financial condition, maintenance of our RIC status, compliance with applicable business development company regulations and such other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant from time to time. We cannot assure you that we will pay distributions to our stockholders in the future.

 

When we make quarterly distributions, we will be required to determine the extent to which such distributions are paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits. Distributions in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits will be treated as a non-taxable return of capital to the extent of an investor’s basis in our stock and, assuming that an investor holds our stock as a capital asset, thereafter as capital gain.

 

We may have difficulty paying our required distributions if we recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income.

 

For federal income tax purposes, we include in income certain amounts that we have not yet received in cash, such as original issue discount or accruals on a contingent payment debt instrument, which may occur if we receive warrants in connection with the origination of a loan or possibly in other circumstances. Such original issue discounts is included in income before we receive any corresponding cash payments. We also may be required to include in income certain other amounts that we do not receive in cash.

 

Since, in certain cases, we may recognize income before or without receiving cash representing such income, we may have difficulty meeting the annual distribution requirement necessary to be relieved of federal taxes on income and gains distributed to our stockholders. Accordingly, we may have to sell some of our investments at times and/or at prices we would not consider advantageous, raise additional debt or equity capital or forgo new investment opportunities for this purpose. If we are not able to obtain cash from other sources, we may fail to satisfy the annual distribution requirement and thus become subject to corporate-level income tax.

We may in the future choose to pay dividends in our own stock, in which case you may be required to pay tax in excess of the cash you receive.

 

We may distribute taxable dividends that are payable in part in our stock. Under a recently issued IRS revenue procedure, up to 90% of any such taxable dividend for 2009 could be payable in our stock. Taxable stockholders receiving such dividends will be required to include the full amount of the dividend as ordinary income (or as long-term capital gain to the extent such distribution is properly designated as a capital gain dividend) to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for United States federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. stockholder may be required to pay tax with respect to such dividends in excess of any cash received. If a U.S. stockholder sells the stock it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of our stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. stockholders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, it may put downward pressure on the trading price of our stock.

 

Changes in laws or regulations governing our operations may adversely affect our business or cause us to alter our business strategy.

 

We and our portfolio companies are subject to regulation at the local, state and federal level. New legislation may be enacted or new interpretations, rulings or regulations could be adopted, including those governing the types of investments we are permitted to make, any of which could harm us and our stockholders, potentially with retroactive effect.

 

Additionally, any changes to the laws and regulations governing our operations relating to permitted investments may cause us to alter our investment strategy in order to avail ourselves of new or different opportunities. Such changes could result in material differences to the strategies and plans set forth in this prospectus, or any prospectus supplement, and may result in our investment focus shifting from the areas of expertise of our investment adviser to other types of investments in which our investment adviser may have less expertise or little or no experience. Thus, any such changes, if they occur, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

 

Efforts to comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act will involve significant expenditures, and non-compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act may adversely affect us and the market price of our common stock.

 

Under current SEC rules, beginning with our fiscal year ending September 30, 2009, our management will be required to report on our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder. We will be required to review on an annual basis our internal control over financial reporting, and on a quarterly and annual basis to evaluate and disclose changes in our internal control over financial reporting.

 

As a result, we expect to incur additional expenses in the near term, which may negatively impact our financial performance and our ability to make distributions. This process also will result in a diversion of management’s time and attention. We cannot be certain as to the timing of completion of our evaluation, testing and remediation actions or the impact of the same on our operations and we may not be able to ensure that the process is effective or that our internal control over financial reporting is or will be effective in a timely manner. In the event that we are unable to maintain or achieve compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and related rules, we and the market price of our common stock may be adversely affected. In this regard, we disclosed in our quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 that our independent auditors informed us of their belief that we had a significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting relating our research and application of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. We believe that we subsequently corrected this significant deficiency.

Risks Relating to Our Investments

 

Our investments in portfolio companies may be risky, and we could lose all or part of our investment.

 

Investing in small and mid-sized companies involves a number of significant risks. Among other things, these companies:

 

 

In addition, in the course of providing significant managerial assistance to certain of our portfolio companies, certain of our officers and directors may serve as directors on the boards of such companies. To the extent that litigation arises out of our investments in these companies, our officers and directors may be named as defendants in such litigation, which could result in an expenditure of funds (through our indemnification of such officers and directors) and the diversion of management time and resources.

 

An investment strategy focused primarily on privately held companies presents certain challenges, including the lack of available information about these companies.

 

We invest primarily in privately held companies. Generally, little public information exists about these companies, including typically a lack of audited financial statements and ratings by third parties. We must therefore rely on the ability of our investment adviser to obtain adequate information to evaluate the potential risks of investing in these companies. These companies and their financial information may not be subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other rules that govern public companies. If we are unable to uncover all material information about these companies, we may not make a fully informed investment decision, and we may lose money on our investments. These factors could affect our investment returns.

 

If we make unsecured investments, those investments might not generate sufficient cash flow to service their debt obligations to us.

 

We may make unsecured investments. Unsecured investments may be subordinated to other obligations of the obligor. Unsecured investments often reflect a greater possibility that adverse changes in the financial condition of the obligor or in general economic conditions (including, for example, a substantial period of rising interest rates or declining earnings) or both may impair the ability of the obligor to make payment of principal and interest. If we make an unsecured investment in a portfolio company, that portfolio company may be highly leveraged, and its relatively high debt-to-equity ratio may create increased risks that its operations might not generate sufficient cash flow to service its debt obligations.

If we invest in the securities and obligations of distressed and bankrupt issuers, we might not receive interest or other payments.

 

We are authorized to invest in the securities and obligations of distressed and bankrupt issuers, including debt obligations that are in covenant or payment default. Such investments generally are considered speculative. The repayment of defaulted obligations is subject to significant uncertainties. Defaulted obligations might be repaid only after lengthy workout or bankruptcy proceedings, during which the issuer of those obligations might not make any interest or other payments.

 

The lack of liquidity in our investments may adversely affect our business.

 

We invest, and will continue to invest in companies whose securities are not publicly traded, and whose securities will be subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or will otherwise be less liquid than publicly traded securities. The illiquidity of these investments may make it difficult for us to sell these investments when desired. In addition, if we are required to liquidate all or a portion of our portfolio quickly, we may realize significantly less than the value at which we had previously recorded these investments. Our investments are usually subject to contractual or legal restrictions on resale or are otherwise illiquid because there is usually no established trading market for such investments. The illiquidity of most of our investments may make it difficult for us to dispose of them at a favorable price, and, as a result, we may suffer losses.

 

We may not have the funds or ability to make additional investments in our portfolio companies.

 

We may not have the funds or ability to make additional investments in our portfolio companies. After our initial investment in a portfolio company, we may be called upon from time to time to provide additional funds to such company or have the opportunity to increase our investment through the exercise of a warrant to purchase common stock. There is no assurance that we will make, or will have sufficient funds to make, follow-on investments. Any decisions not to make a follow-on investment or any inability on our part to make such an investment may have a negative impact on a portfolio company in need of such an investment, may result in a missed opportunity for us to increase our participation in a successful operation or may reduce the expected yield on the investment.

 

Our portfolio companies may incur debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, our investments in such companies.

 

We invest primarily in first and second lien debt issued by small and mid-sized companies. Our portfolio companies may have, or may be permitted to incur, other debt that ranks equally with, or senior to, the debt in which we invest. By their terms, such debt instruments may entitle the holders to receive payment of interest or principal on or before the dates on which we are entitled to receive payments with respect to the debt instruments in which we invest. Also, in the event of insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of a portfolio company, holders of debt instruments ranking senior to our investment in that portfolio company would typically be entitled to receive payment in full before we receive any distribution. After repaying such senior creditors, such portfolio company may not have any remaining assets to use for repaying its obligation to us. In the case of debt ranking equally with debt instruments in which we invest, we would have to share on an equal basis any distributions with other creditors holding such debt in the event of an insolvency, liquidation, dissolution, reorganization or bankruptcy of the relevant portfolio company.

 

The disposition of our investments may result in contingent liabilities.

 

Most of our investments will involve private securities. In connection with the disposition of an investment in private securities, we may be required to make representations about the business and financial affairs of the portfolio company typical of those made in connection with the sale of a business. We may also be required to indemnify the purchasers of such investment to the extent that any such representations turn out to be inaccurate or with respect to certain potential liabilities. These arrangements may result in contingent liabilities that ultimately yield funding obligations that must be satisfied through our return of certain distributions previously made to us.

There may be circumstances where our debt investments could be subordinated to claims of other creditors or we could be subject to lender liability claims.

 

Even though we may have structured certain of our investments as senior loans, if one of our portfolio companies were to go bankrupt, depending on the facts and circumstances, including the extent to which we actually provided managerial assistance to that portfolio company, a bankruptcy court might recharacterize our debt investment and subordinate all or a portion of our claim to that of other creditors. We may also be subject to lender liability claims for actions taken by us with respect to a borrower’s business or instances where we exercise control over the borrower. It is possible that we could become subject to a lender’s liability claim, including as a result of actions taken in rendering significant managerial assistance.

 

Second priority liens on collateral securing loans that we make to our portfolio companies may be subject to control by senior creditors with first priority liens. If there is a default, the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay in full both the first priority creditors and us.

 

Certain loans that we make to portfolio companies will be secured on a second priority basis by the same collateral securing senior secured debt of such companies. The first priority liens on the collateral will secure the portfolio company’s obligations under any outstanding senior debt and may secure certain other future debt that may be permitted to be incurred by the company under the agreements governing the loans. The holders of obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral will generally control the liquidation of and be entitled to receive proceeds from any realization of the collateral to repay their obligations in full before us. In addition, the value of the collateral in the event of liquidation will depend on market and economic conditions, the availability of buyers and other factors. There can be no assurance that the proceeds, if any, from the sale or sales of all of the collateral would be sufficient to satisfy the loan obligations secured by the second priority liens after payment in full of all obligations secured by the first priority liens on the collateral. If such proceeds are not sufficient to repay amounts outstanding under the loan obligations secured by the second priority liens, then we, to the extent not repaid from the proceeds of the sale of the collateral, will only have an unsecured claim against the company’s remaining assets, if any.

 

The rights we may have with respect to the collateral securing the loans we make to our portfolio companies with senior debt outstanding may also be limited pursuant to the terms of one or more intercreditor agreements that we enter into with the holders of senior debt. Under such an intercreditor agreement, at any time that obligations that have the benefit of the first priority liens are outstanding, any of the following actions that may be taken in respect of the collateral will be at the direction of the holders of the obligations secured by the first priority liens: the ability to cause the commencement of enforcement proceedings against the collateral; the ability to control the conduct of such proceedings; the approval of amendments to collateral documents; releases of liens on the collateral; and waivers of past defaults under collateral documents. We may not have the ability to control or direct such actions, even if our rights are adversely affected.

 

We generally will not control our portfolio companies.

 

We do not, and do not expect to, control most of our portfolio companies, even though we may have board representation or board observation rights, and our debt agreements may contain certain restrictive covenants. As a result, we are subject to the risk that a portfolio company in which we invest may make business decisions with which we disagree and the management of such company, as representatives of the holders of their common equity, may take risks or otherwise act in ways that do not serve our interests as debt investors. Due to the lack of liquidity for our investments in non-traded companies, we may not be able to dispose of our interests in our portfolio companies as readily as we would like or at an appropriate valuation. As a result, a portfolio company may make decisions that could decrease the value of our portfolio holdings.

 

Defaults by our portfolio companies will harm our operating results.

 

A portfolio company’s failure to satisfy financial or operating covenants imposed by us or other lenders could lead to defaults and, potentially, termination of its loans and foreclosure on its secured assets, which could trigger cross-defaults under other agreements and jeopardize a portfolio company’s ability to meet its obligations under the debt or

equity securities that we hold. We may incur expenses to the extent necessary to seek recovery upon default or to negotiate new terms, which may include the waiver of certain financial covenants, with a defaulting portfolio company.

 

We may not realize gains from our equity investments.

 

Certain investments that we have made in the past and may make in the future include warrants or other equity securities. In addition, we make direct equity investments in companies. Our goal is ultimately to realize gains upon our disposition of such equity interests. However, the equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we experience. We also may be unable to realize any value if a portfolio company does not have a liquidity event, such as a sale of the business, recapitalization or public offering, which would allow us to sell the underlying equity interests. We often seek puts or similar rights to give us the right to sell our equity securities back to the portfolio company issuer. We may be unable to exercise these puts rights for the consideration provided in our investment documents if the issuer is in financial distress.

 

Risks Relating to an Offering of Our Common Stock

 

Shares of closed-end investment companies, including business development companies, may trade at a discount to their net asset value.

 

Shares of closed-end investment companies, including business development companies, may trade at a discount from net asset value. This characteristic of closed-end investment companies and business development companies is separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value per share may decline. We cannot predict whether our common stock will trade at, above or below net asset value.

 

We may be unable to invest a significant portion of the net proceeds of this offering on acceptable terms in the timeframe contemplated by this prospectus.

 

Delays in investing the net proceeds raised in an offering may cause our performance to be worse than that of other fully invested business development companies or other lenders or investors pursuing comparable investment strategies. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify any investments that meet our investment objective or that any investment that we make will produce a positive return. We may be unable to invest the net proceeds of any offering on acceptable terms within the time period that we anticipate or at all, which could harm our financial condition and operating results.

 

We anticipate that, depending on market conditions, it may take us a substantial period of time to invest substantially all of the net proceeds of any offering in securities meeting our investment objective. During this period, we will invest the net proceeds of an offering primarily in cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities, repurchase agreements and high-quality debt instruments maturing in one year or less from the time of investment, which may produce returns that are significantly lower than the returns which we expect to achieve when our portfolio is fully invested in securities meeting our investment objective. As a result, any distributions that we pay during this period may be substantially lower than the distributions that we may be able to pay when our portfolio is fully invested in securities meeting our investment objective. In addition, until such time as the net proceeds of an offering are invested in securities meeting our investment objective, the market price for our common stock may decline. Thus, the initial return on your investment may be lower than when, if ever, our portfolio is fully invested in securities meeting our investment objective.

 

Investing in our common stock may involve an above average degree of risk.

 

The investments we make in accordance with our investment objective may result in a higher amount of risk than alternative investment options and a higher risk of volatility or loss of principal. Our investments in portfolio companies involve higher levels of risk, and therefore, an investment in our shares may not be suitable for someone with lower risk tolerance.

 

Stockholders may incur dilution if we sell shares of our common stock in one or more offerings at prices below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock.

 

At a special meeting of stockholders held on          , 2009, our stockholders approved a proposal designed to allow us to access the capital markets in a way that we were previously unable to as a result of restrictions that, absent stockholder approval, apply to BDCs under the 1940 Act. Specifically, our stockholders approved a proposal that authorizes us to sell shares of our common stock below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock in one or more offerings for a period of one year ending on          , 2010. Any decision to sell shares of our common stock below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock would be subject to the determination by our Board of Directors that such issuance is in our and our stockholders’ best interests.

 

If we were to sell shares of our common stock below net asset value per share, such sales would result in an immediate dilution to the net asset value per share. This dilution would occur as a result of the sale of shares at a price below the then current net asset value per share of our common stock and a proportionately greater decrease in a stockholder’s interest in our earnings and assets and voting interest in us than the increase in our assets resulting from such issuance.

 

Further, if our current stockholders do not purchase any shares to maintain their percentage interest, regardless of whether such offering is above or below the then current net asset value per share, their voting power will be diluted. Because the number of shares of common stock that could be so issued and the timing of any issuance is not currently known, the actual dilutive effect cannot be predicted. For additional information and hypothetical examples of these risks, see “Sales of Common Stock Below Net Asset Value” and the prospectus supplement pursuant to which such sale is made.

 

The market price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly.

 

The market price and liquidity of the market for shares of our common stock may be significantly affected by numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control and may not be directly related to our operating performance. These factors include:

 

 

Certain provisions of our restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws as well as the Delaware General Corporation Law could deter takeover attempts and have an adverse impact on the price of our common stock.

 

Our restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws as well as the Delaware General Corporation Law contain provisions that may have the effect of discouraging a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us. These anti-takeover provisions may inhibit a change in control in circumstances that could give the holders of our common stock the opportunity to realize a premium over the market price for our common stock.

 

Some of the statements in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement constitute forward-looking statements because they relate to future events or our future performance or financial condition. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement may include statements as to:

 

 

In addition, words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect” and “intend” indicate a forward-looking statement, although not all forward-looking statements include these words. The forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus, and any accompanying prospectus supplement, involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those implied or expressed in the forward-looking statements for any reason, including the factors set forth in “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement. Other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include:

 

 

We have based the forward-looking statements included in this prospectus and will base the forward-looking statements included in any accompanying prospectus supplement on information available to us on the date of this prospectus and any accompanying prospectus supplement, as appropriate, and we assume no obligation to update any such forward-looking statements, except as required by law. Although we undertake no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, you are advised to consult any additional disclosures that we may make directly to you or through reports that we in the future may file with the SEC, including annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K.

 

 

We intend to use all of the net proceeds from selling our common stock to make investments in small and mid-sized companies in accordance with our investment objective and strategies described in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement, pay our operating expenses and dividends to our stockholders and for general corporate purposes. We may also use a portion of the net proceeds to reduce our outstanding borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility and to capitalize our SBIC subsidiary to the extent our application to license this entity as an SBIC is approved. See “Prospectus Summary — Recent Developments” for a discussion of our SBIC license application. Pending such use, we will invest the net proceeds primarily in high quality, short-term debt securities consistent with our business development company election and our election to be taxed as a RIC. See “Regulation — Temporary Investments.” Our ability to achieve our investment objective may be limited to the extent that the net proceeds from an offering, pending full investment, are held in interest-bearing deposits or other short-term instruments. The supplement to this prospectus relating to an offering will more fully identify the use of proceeds from such an offering.

 

Our common stock is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FSC.” The following table sets forth, for each fiscal quarter since our initial public offering, the range of high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, the sales price as a percentage of our net asset value (NAV) and the dividends declared by us for each fiscal quarter.

 

 

 

 

The last reported price for our common stock on June 1, 2009 was $9.70 per share. As of June   , 2009, we had      stockholders of record.

 

Shares of BDCs may trade at a market price that is less than the value of the net assets attributable to those shares. The possibilities that our shares of common stock will trade at a discount from net asset value or at premiums that are unsustainable over the long term are separate and distinct from the risk that our net asset value will decrease. It is not possible to predict whether the common stock offered hereby will trade at, above, or below net asset value. Since our IPO in June 2008, our shares of common stock have traded at prices less than our net asset value.

 

Our dividends, if any, are determined by our Board of Directors. We have elected to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As long as we qualify as a RIC, we will not be taxed on our investment company taxable income or realized net capital gains, to the extent that such taxable income or gains are distributed, or deemed to be distributed, to stockholders on a timely basis.

 

To maintain RIC tax treatment, we must, among other things, distribute at least 90% of our net ordinary income and realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. Depending on the level of taxable income earned in a tax year, we may choose to carry forward taxable income in excess of current year distributions into the next tax year and pay a 4% excise tax on such income. Any such carryover taxable income must be distributed through a dividend declared prior to filing the final tax return related to the year which generated such taxable income. Please refer to “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations” for further information regarding the consequences of our retention of net capital gains. We may, in the future, make actual distributions to our stockholders of our net capital gains. We can offer no assurance that we will achieve results that will permit the

payment of any cash distributions and, if we issue senior securities, we will be prohibited from making distributions if doing so causes us to fail to maintain the asset coverage ratios stipulated by the 1940 Act or if distributions are limited by the terms of any of our borrowings. See “Regulation” and “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.”

 

We have adopted an “opt out” dividend reinvestment plan for our common stockholders. As a result, if we make a distribution, then stockholders’ cash distributions will be automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, unless they specifically “opt out” of the dividend reinvestment plan so as to receive cash distributions.

 

The information in this section contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Please see “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these statements. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus.

 

Overview

 

We are a specialty finance company that lends to and invests in small and mid-sized companies in connection with investments by private equity sponsors. Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolio’s total return by generating current income from our debt investments and capital appreciation from our equity investments.

 

We were formed as a Delaware limited partnership (Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P.) on February 15, 2007. Effective as of January 2, 2008, Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. merged with and into Fifth Street Finance Corp. At the time of the merger, all outstanding partnership interests in Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. were exchanged for 12,480,972 shares of common stock in Fifth Street Finance Corp.

 

Our consolidated financial statements prior to January 2, 2008 reflect our operations as a Delaware limited partnership (Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P.) prior to our merger with and into a corporation (Fifth Street Finance Corp.).

 

On June 17, 2008, we completed an initial public offering of 10,000,000 shares of our common stock at the offering price of $14.12 per share. Our shares are currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FSC.”

 

Since approximately mid-2007, the financial markets and the economy have been volatile and generally declining. This has a wide impact on our business. It affects our investment origination, valuation, pricing, and ability to raise capital. It also affects our portfolio companies’ ability to grow their business and service our debt. To the extent these conditions continue or worsen, it could negatively impact our operating results and limit our ability to grow.

 

Critical Accounting Policies

 

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions affecting amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements. We have identified investment valuation and revenue recognition as our most critical accounting estimates. We continuously evaluate our estimates, including those related to the matters described below. These estimates are based on the information that is currently available to us and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates under different assumptions or conditions. A discussion of our critical accounting policies follows.

 

Investment Valuation

 

We are required to report our investments that are not publicly traded or for which current market values are not readily available at fair value. The fair value is deemed to be the value at which an enterprise could be sold in a transaction between two willing parties other than through a forced or liquidation sale.

 

Under Statement of Financial Standards No. 157 — Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157, which we adopted effective October 1, 2008, we perform detailed valuations of our debt and equity investments on an individual basis, using market based, income based, and bond yield approaches as appropriate.

 

Under the market approach, we estimate the enterprise value of the portfolio companies in which we invest. There is no one methodology to estimate enterprise value and, in fact, for any one portfolio company, enterprise value is best expressed as a range of fair values, from which we derive a single estimate of enterprise value. To estimate the enterprise value of a portfolio company, we analyze various factors, including the portfolio company’s

historical and projected financial results. We generally require portfolio companies to provide annual audited and quarterly and monthly unaudited financial statements, as well as annual projections for the upcoming fiscal year.

 

Typically, private companies are valued based on multiples of EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest. Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization), cash flows, net income, revenues, or in limited cases, book value.

 

Under the income approach, we generally prepare and analyze discounted cash flow models based on our projections of the future free cash flows of the business. We also use bond yield models to determine the present value of the future cash flow streams of our debt investments. We review various sources of transactional data, including private mergers and acquisitions involving debt investments with similar characteristics, and assess the information in the valuation process.

 

We also may, when conditions warrant, utilize an expected recovery model, whereby we use alternate procedures to determine value when the customary approaches are deemed to be not as relevant or reliable.

 

Our Board of Directors undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter in connection with determining the fair value of our investments:

 

 

The fair value of all of our investments at March 31, 2009, and September 30, 2008, was determined by our Board of Directors.

 

Our Board of Directors has engaged an independent valuation firm to provide us with valuation assistance with respect to at least 90% of the cost basis of our investment portfolio in any given quarter. Upon completion of its process each quarter, the independent valuation firm provides us with a written report regarding the preliminary valuations of selected portfolio securities as of the close of such quarter. We will continue to engage an independent valuation firm to provide us with assistance regarding our determination of the fair value of selected portfolio securities each quarter; however, our Board of Directors is ultimately and solely responsible for determining the fair value of our investments in good faith.

 

An independent valuation firm, Murray, Devine & Co., Inc., provided us with assistance in our determination of the fair value of 91.9% of our portfolio for the quarter ended December 31, 2007, 92.1% of our portfolio for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, 91.7% of our portfolio for the quarter ended June 30, 2008, 92.8% of our portfolio for the quarter ended September 30, 2008, 100% of our portfolio for the quarter ended December 31, 2008, and 88.7% of our portfolio for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 (or 96.0% of our portfolio excluding our investment in IZI Medical Products, Inc., which closed on March 31, 2009 and therefore was not part of the independent valuation process). The independent third party provides negative assurance with regard to the reasonableness of the valuations.

In February 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities (“SFAS 159”), which provides companies with an option to report selected financial assets and liabilities at fair value. The objective of SFAS 159 is to reduce both complexity in accounting for financial instruments and the volatility in earnings caused by measuring related assets and liabilities differently. SFAS 159 establishes presentation and disclosure requirements designed to facilitate comparisons between companies that choose different measurement attributes for similar types of assets and liabilities and to more easily understand the effect of the company’s choice to use fair value on its earnings. SFAS 159 also requires entities to display the fair value of the selected assets and liabilities on the face of the Consolidated Balance Sheet. SFAS 159 does not eliminate disclosure requirements of other accounting standards, including fair value measurement disclosures in SFAS 157. This Statement is effective as of the beginning of an entity’s first fiscal year beginning after November 15, 2007. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of the previous fiscal year provided that the entity makes that choice in the first 120 days of that fiscal year and also elects to apply the provisions of Statement 157. While SFAS 159 became effective for our 2009 fiscal year, we did not elect the fair value measurement option for any of our financial assets or liabilities.

 

As of March 31, 2009 and September 30, 2008, approximately 97.7% and 91.5%, respectively, of our total assets represented investments in portfolio companies valued at fair value.

 

Effective October 1, 2008, the Company adopted Statement of Financial Standards No. 157 — Fair Value Measurements, or SFAS 157. In accordance with that standard, the Company changed its presentation for all periods presented to net unearned fees against the associated debt investments. Prior to the adoption of SFAS 157 on October 1, 2008, the Company reported unearned fees as a single line item on the Consolidated Balance Sheets and Consolidated Schedule of Investments. This change in presentation had no impact on the overall net cost or fair value of the Company’s investment portfolio and had no impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations.

 

The following table summarizes the effect of the adoption of SFAS 157 on the presentation of the Company’s investment portfolio in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

Revenue Recognition

 

Interest and Dividend Income

 

Interest income, adjusted for amortization of premium and accretion of original issue discount, is recorded on the accrual basis to the extent that such amounts are expected to be collected. We stop accruing interest on investments when it is determined that interest is no longer collectible. Distributions from portfolio companies are recorded as dividend income when the distribution is received.

 

Fee Income

 

We will receive a variety of fees in the ordinary course of our business, including origination fees. We will account for our fee income in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force Issue 00-21 “Accounting for Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables” (“EITF 00-21”). EITF 00-21 addresses certain aspects of a company’s accounting for arrangements containing multiple revenue-generating activities. In some arrangements, the different revenue-generating activities (deliverables) are sufficiently separable and there exists sufficient evidence of their fair values to separately account for some or all of the deliverables (i.e., there are separate units of accounting).

EITF 00-21 states that the total consideration received for the arrangement be allocated to each unit based upon each unit’s relative fair value. In other arrangements, some or all of the deliverables are not independently functional, or there is not sufficient evidence of their fair values to account for them separately. The timing of revenue recognition for a given unit of accounting depends on the nature of the deliverable(s) in that accounting unit (and the corresponding revenue recognition model) and whether the general conditions for revenue recognition have been met. Fee income for which fair value cannot be reasonably ascertained is recognized using the interest method in accordance with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 91, “Accounting for Nonrefundable Fees and Costs Associated with Originating or Acquiring Loans and Initial Direct Costs of Leases,” (“SFAS No. 91”). We will recognize fee income in accordance with SFAS No. 91. In addition, we will capitalize and offset direct loan origination costs against the origination fees received and only defer the net fee.

 

Payment-in-Kind (PIK) Interest

 

Our loans typically contain a PIK interest provision. The PIK interest, computed at the contractual rate specified in each loan agreement, is added to the principal balance of the loan and recorded as interest income. To avoid the imposition of corporate-level tax on us, this non-cash source of income needs to be paid out to stockholders in the form of distributions, even though we have not yet collected the cash. We will stop accruing PIK interest when it is determined that PIK interest is no longer collectable. Accumulated PIK interest represented approximately $8.9 million or 3.1% of our portfolio of investments as of March 31, 2009 and approximately $5.4 million or 2.0% as of September 30, 2008. The net increase in loan balances as a result of contracted PIK arrangements are separately identified on our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

 

Portfolio Composition

 

Our investments principally consist of loans, purchased equity investments and equity grants in privately-held companies. Our loans are typically secured by either a first or second lien on the assets of the portfolio company, generally have terms of up to six years (but an expected average life of between three and four years) and typically bear interest at fixed rates and to a lesser extent, at floating rates.

 

A summary of the composition of our investment portfolio at cost and fair value as a percentage of total investments is shown in following tables:

 

 

The industry composition of our portfolio at cost and fair value were as follows:

 

 

Portfolio Asset Quality

 

We employ a grading system to assess and monitor the credit risk of our loan portfolio. We rate all loans on a scale from 1 to 5. The system is intended to reflect the performance of the borrower’s business, the collateral coverage of the loan, and other factors considered relevant to making a credit judgment.

 

 

The following table shows the distribution of our investments on the 1 to 5 investment rating scale at fair value, as of March 31, 2009 and September 30, 2008:

 

 

 

 

As a result of current economic conditions and their impact on certain of our portfolio companies, we have agreed to modify the payment terms of our investments in nine of our portfolio companies as of March 31, 2009. Such modified terms include increased payment-in-kind interest provisions and reduced cash interest rates. These modifications, and any future modifications to our loan agreements as a result of the current economic conditions or otherwise, may limit the amount of interest income that we recognize from the modified investments, which may, in turn, limit our ability to make distributions to our stockholders. See footnote 9 to the Consolidated Schedule of Investments as of March 31, 2009 in our consolidated financial statements included herein.

 

In addition, as the United States economy continues to remain in a recession, the financial results of small- to mid-sized companies, like those in which we invest, have begun to experience deterioration, which could ultimately lead to difficulty in meeting debt service requirements and an increase in defaults. Additionally, the end markets for certain of our portfolio companies’ products and services have experienced, and continue to experience, negative economic trends. The performance of certain of our portfolio companies has been, and may continue to be, negatively impacted by these economic or other conditions, which may ultimately result in our receipt of a reduced level of interest income from our portfolio companies and/or losses or charge offs related to our investments, and, in turn, may affect distributable income.

Loans and Debt Securities on Non-Accrual Status

 

As of March 31, 2009, we had stopped accruing PIK interest and original issue discount on four investments, including two investments that had not paid their scheduled monthly cash interest payments or were otherwise on non-accrual status. The aggregate amount of this income non-accrual was approximately $1.0 million and $1.6 million for the three and six months ended March 31, 2009, respectively. At September 30, 2008, none of our loans or debt securities were on non-accrual status.

 

Income non-accrual amounts for the three and six months ended March 31, 2009 are as follows:

 

 

Results of Operations

 

The principal measure of our financial performance is the net income (loss) which includes net investment income (loss), net realized gain (loss) and net unrealized appreciation (depreciation). Net investment income is the difference between our income from interest, dividends, fees, and other investment income and total expenses. Net realized gain (loss) on investments is the difference between the proceeds received from dispositions of portfolio investments and their stated cost. Net unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments is the net change in the fair value of our investment portfolio.

 

We were formed as a Delaware limited partnership (Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P.) on February 15, 2007 and we had limited operations through September 30, 2007. As a result, there is limited comparability for fiscal year ended September 30, 2008 and the prior period from February 15, 2007 (inception) through September 30, 2007.

 

Comparison for the three and six months ended March 31, 2009 and March 31, 2008

 

Total Investment Income

 

Total investment income includes interest and dividend income on our investments, fee income and other investment income. Fee income consists principally of loan and arrangement fees, annual administrative fees, unused fees, prepayment fees, amendment fees, equity structuring fees and waiver fees. Other investment income consists primarily of the accelerated recognition of deferred financing fees received from our portfolio companies on the repayment of the outstanding investment, the sale of the investment or reduction of available credit, and interest on cash and cash equivalents on deposit with financial institutions.

 

Total investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2009 and March 31, 2008 was approximately $11.9 million and $6.9 million, respectively. For the three months ended March 31, 2009, this amount primarily consisted of approximately $11.2 million of interest income from portfolio investments (which included approximately $1.9 million of payment-in-kind or PIK interest), and $753,000 of fee income. For the three months ended March 31, 2008, this amount primarily consisted of approximately $6.2 million of interest income from portfolio investments (which included approximately $959,000 of payment-in-kind or PIK interest), and $425,000 of fee income.

 

Total investment income for the six months ended March 31, 2009 and March 31, 2008 was approximately $24.5 million and $12.3 million, respectively. For the six months ended March 31, 2009, this amount primarily consisted of approximately $22.6 million of interest income from portfolio investments (which included approximately $3.7 million of payment-in-kind or PIK interest), and $1.8 million of fee income. For the six months ended March 31, 2008, this amount primarily consisted of approximately $11.2 million of interest income from portfolio investments (which included approximately $1.7 million of payment-in-kind or PIK interest), and $699,000 of fee income.

The increase in our total investment income for the three and six months ended March 31, 2009 as compared to the three and six months ended March 31, 2008 was primarily attributable to higher average levels of outstanding debt investments, which was principally due to an increase of seven debt investments in our portfolio in the year-over-year period, partially offset by debt repayments received during the same period.

 

Expenses

 

Expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2009 and 2008 were approximately $4.4 million and $2.8 million, respectively. Expenses increased for the three months ended March 31, 2009 as compared to the three months ended March 31, 2008 by approximately $1.6 million, primarily as a result of increases in base management fees, incentive fees and legal fees related primarily to our formation of and application to license a Small Business Investment Company subsidiary and other deal related matters.

 

Expenses for the six months ended March 31, 2009 and March 31, 2008 were approximately $8.8 million and $4.5 million, respectively. Expenses increased for the six months ended March 31, 2009 as compared to the six months ended March 31, 2008 by approximately $4.3 million, primarily as a result of increases in base management fees, incentive fees, legal fees related primarily to our formation of and application to license a Small Business Investment Company subsidiary and other deal related matters, and other general and administrative expenses.

 

The increase in base management fees resulted from an increase in our total assets as reflected in the growth of the investment portfolio. Incentive fees were implemented effective January 2, 2008 when Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. merged with and into Fifth Street Finance Corp., and reflect the growth of our net investment income before such fees.

 

Net Investment Income

 

As a result of the $5.0 million increase in total investment income as compared to the $1.6 million increase in total expenses, net investment income for the three months ended March 31, 2009 reflected a $3.4 million, or 83.5%, increase compared to the three months ended March 31, 2008.

 

As a result of the $12.2 million increase in total investment income as compared to the $4.3 million increase in total expenses, net investment income for the six months ended March 31, 2009 reflected a $7.9 million, or 102.5%, increase compared to the six months ended March 31, 2008.

 

Realized Gain (Loss) on Sale of Investments

 

Net realized gain (loss) on the sale of investments is the difference between the proceeds received from dispositions of portfolio investments and their stated cost. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2009, we recorded $12.4 million of realized losses on two of our portfolio company investments in connection with our determination that such investments were permanently impaired based on, among other things, our analysis of changes in each portfolio company’s business operations and prospects. During the three and six months ended March 31, 2008, we sold no investments and reported no realized gains or losses.

 

Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation on Investments

 

We determine the value of each investment in our portfolio on a quarterly basis, and changes in value result in unrealized appreciation or depreciation being recognized in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Value, as defined in Section 2 (a)(41) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, is (i) the market price for those securities for which a market quotation is readily available and (ii) for all other securities and assets, fair value is as determined in good faith by the board of directors. Since there is typically no readily available market value for the investments in our portfolio, we value substantially all of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith by the board of directors pursuant to our valuation policy and a consistently applied valuation process. At March 31, 2009, and September 30, 2008, portfolio investments recorded at fair value represented 97.7% and 91.5%, respectively, of our total assets. Because of the inherent uncertainty of estimating the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of our investments determined in good faith by the board of directors

may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market existed for the investments, and the differences could be material.

 

There is no single standard for determining fair value in good faith. As a result, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each portfolio investment while employing a consistently applied valuation process for the types of investments we make. We specifically value each individual investment on a quarterly basis. We record unrealized depreciation on investments when we believe that an investment has depreciated in value including where collection of a loan or realization of an equity security is doubtful, or when the enterprise value of the portfolio company does not currently support the cost of our debt or equity investment, or when the bond yield models concludes that the debt investment has depreciated. Enterprise value means the entire value of the company to a potential buyer, including the sum of the values of debt and equity securities used to capitalize the enterprise at a point in time. We record unrealized appreciation if we believe that the underlying portfolio company has appreciated in value and/or our equity security has also appreciated in value or the bond yield models concludes that the debt investment has appreciated in value. Changes in fair value are recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations as net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation.

 

Net unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments is the net change in the fair value of our investment portfolio during the reporting period, including the reversal of previously recorded unrealized appreciation or depreciation when gains or losses are realized. During the three months ended March 31, 2009, we recorded net unrealized appreciation of $7.7 million. This consisted of $12.4 million of reclassifications to realized losses (i.e., we reversed previously recorded unrealized depreciation on two of our portfolio company investments in connection with the recognition of the realized losses described above), $4.4 million of unrealized depreciation on debt investments and $0.3 million of unrealized depreciation on equity investments. During the three months ended March 31, 2008, we recorded net unrealized depreciation of $1.6 million. This consisted entirely of unrealized depreciation on equity investments.

 

During the six months ended March 31, 2009, we recorded net unrealized depreciation of $10.7 million. This consisted of $12.4 million of reclassification to realized losses, $21.0 million of net unrealized depreciation on debt investments and $2.1 million of net unrealized depreciation on equity investments. During the six months ended March 31, 2008, we recorded net unrealized depreciation of $2.0 million. This consisted entirely of unrealized depreciation on equity investments.

 

Comparison of year ended September 30, 2008 and the period February 15, 2007 (inception) through September 30, 2007

 

Total Investment Income

 

For the year ended September 30, 2008, total investment income was $33.2 million, a $28.9 million, or 673%, increase over the $4.3 million of total investment income for the period ended September 30, 2007. The increase was primarily attributable to a $28.1 million increase in interest, fee and dividend income from investments and a $0.8 million increase in interest income from cash and cash equivalents. The increase in interest, fee and dividend income from investments was primarily attributable to (i) higher average levels of outstanding debt investments, which was principally due to the closing of fourteen new debt investments, seven add-ons, and one recapitalization in the year ended September 30, 2008, partially offset by debt repayments received during the same periods, and (ii) higher levels of dividend income from portfolio equity investments.

 

Expenses

 

For the year ended September 30, 2008, total expenses increased by $9.8 million, or 297%, to $13.1 million from $3.3 million for the period ended September 30, 2007. The increase in total expenses was primarily as a result of increases in management and incentive fees of $6.8 million, higher interest expenses of $0.4 million, higher professional fees of $1.2 million and higher administrator expenses of $1.0 million.

 

The increase in management fees reflects the increase in the Company’s total assets as reflected in the growth of the investment portfolio. Incentive fees were implemented effective January 2, 2008 when Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. merged with and into Fifth Street Finance Corp., and reflect the growth of our net

investment income before such fees. The increase in interest expense was attributable to an increase in borrowings. Such borrowings were used primarily to fund investments. The increase in professional fees is due to higher audit fees in conjunction with becoming a publicly traded company. The increase in administrator expense is primarily attributable to the hiring of additional professionals.

 

Net Investment Income

 

As a result of the $28.9 million increase in total investment income as compared to the $9.8 million increase in total expenses, net investment income for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008, was $20.1 million, or a 2000% increase, compared to net investment income of $1.0 million during the period ended September 30, 2007.

 

Realized Gain (Loss) on Sale of Investments

 

Net realized gain (loss) on the sale of investments is the difference between the proceeds received from dispositions of portfolio investments and their stated cost. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008, we sold one investment in which we realized a gain of approximately $62,000. For the period ended September 30, 2007, we had no realized gains or losses.

 

Net Change in Unrealized Appreciation or Depreciation on Investments

 

We determine the value of each investment in our portfolio on a quarterly basis, and changes in value result in unrealized appreciation or depreciation being recognized in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Value, as defined in Section 2 (a)(41) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, is (i) the market price for those securities for which a market quotation is readily available and (ii) for all other securities and assets, fair value as determined in good faith by the board of directors. Since there is typically no readily available market value for the investments in our portfolio, we value substantially all of our portfolio investments at fair value as determined in good faith by the board of directors pursuant to our valuation policy and a consistently applied valuation process. At September 30, 2008, and September 30, 2007, portfolio investments recorded at fair value represented 91.5% and 82.4% of our total assets, respectively. Because of the inherent uncertainty of estimating the fair value of investments that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of our investments determined in good faith by the board of directors may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market existed for the investments, and the differences could be material.

 

There is no single standard for determining fair value in good faith. As a result, determining fair value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances of each portfolio investment while employing a consistently applied valuation process for the types of investments we make. We specifically value each individual investment on a quarterly basis. We record unrealized depreciation on investments when we believe that an investment has become impaired, including where collection of a loan or realization of an equity security is doubtful, or when the enterprise value of the portfolio company does not currently support the cost of our debt or equity investment. Enterprise value means the entire value of the company to a potential buyer, including the sum of the values of debt and equity securities used to capitalize the enterprise at a point in time. We record unrealized appreciation if we believe that the underlying portfolio company has appreciated in value and/or our corresponding equity investment has also appreciated in value. Changes in fair value are recorded in the Consolidated Statement of Operations as net change in unrealized appreciation or depreciation.

 

Net unrealized appreciation or depreciation on investments is the net change in the fair value of our investment portfolio during the reporting period, including the reversal of previously recorded unrealized appreciation or depreciation when gains or losses are realized. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008, we recorded net unrealized depreciation of $16.9 million. This consisted of $12.1 million of unrealized depreciation on debt investments and $4.8 million of unrealized depreciation on equity investments. There was unrealized appreciation of $0.1 million for the period ended September 30, 2007.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

Cash Flows

 

For the six months ended March 31, 2009, we experienced a net decrease in cash and equivalents of $19.2 million. During that period, we used $25.4 million of cash in operating activities, primarily for the funding of $47.9 million of investments, partially offset by $11.2 million of principal payments received and $15.7 million of net investment income. In addition, in October 2008 we repurchased 78,000 shares of our common stock totaling approximately $462,000 pursuant to our open market share repurchase program, on December 29, 2008 we paid a cash dividend of $6.4 million to our common stockholders and issued 105,326 common shares totaling approximately $763,000 to those common stockholders that opted to reinvest the dividend under our dividend reinvestment plan, and on January 29, 2009 we paid a cash dividend of $7.6 million to our common stockholders and issued 161,206 common shares totaling approximately $1.0 million under the dividend reinvestment plan. On January 29, 2009, we borrowed $1.0 million under our secured revolving credit facility with Bank of Montreal. This amount was repaid in full on January 30, 2009. Also, we borrowed $21.0 million under the facility on March 30, 2009. $17.0 million of this amount remained outstanding at April 30, 2009. We intend to fund our future distribution obligations through operating cash flow or with funds obtained through our credit line, as we deem appropriate.

 

For the six months ended March 31, 2008, we experienced a net decrease in cash and equivalents of $15.2 million. During that period, we used $92.5 million of cash in operating activities, primarily for the funding of $102.3 million of investments partially offset by $7.8 million of net investment income. $77.3 million of cash was provided by financing activities, due primarily to net capital contributions from partners of $66.5 million and net borrowings of $14.4 million.

 

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2008, we experienced a net increase in cash and equivalents in the amount of $5.3 million. During that period, we generated $20.8 million of cash flow from operating activities primarily from net investment income, excluding the purchase of investments, principal payments received on investments, and a realized gain from portfolio investments. We invested approximately $202.4 million in portfolio companies and received repayments of principal of approximately $2.2 million. We financed these investments primarily from borrowings of approximately $79.3 million, proceeds from the issuance of mandatorily redeemable preferred stock of $15.0 million, and net capital contributions from partners of $66.5 million. We received net proceeds of approximately $129.4 million from the issuance of common stock in our initial public offering. We used approximately $15.2 million of the net proceeds to redeem all 30,000 shares outstanding of our preferred stock, and $26.9 to repay all of our outstanding borrowings under our secured revolving credit facility with Bank of Montreal. The preferred stock was redeemed from a company controlled by Bruce E. Toll, one of our former directors. The remainder of the net proceeds has been and will be used to make additional investments in small and mid-sized companies in accordance with our investment objective, pay our operating expenses and distributions to our stockholders, and for general corporate purposes. In addition, on June 3, 2008, we paid a cash dividend of approximately $1.9 million to our common shareholders and issued 133,317 common shares totaling approximately $1.9 million under our dividend reinvestment plan. On September 26, 2008, we paid a cash dividend of approximately $5.1 million to our common shareholders and purchased 196,786 common shares totaling approximately $1.9 million on the open market to satisfy the share obligations under our dividend reinvestment plan.

 

From inception (February 15, 2007) through September 30, 2007, our cash and equivalents increased by approximately $17.7 million. During that period, our cash flow from operations was minimal at approximately $1.0 million excluding investments in portfolio companies. $89.0 million was invested in portfolio companies financed primarily from capital contributions of approximately $105.7 million from partners.

 

As of March 31, 2009, we had $3.7 million in cash, portfolio investments (at fair value) of $290.8 million, $2.8 million of interest receivable, $21.0 million of borrowings outstanding under our secured revolving credit facility and unfunded commitments of $11.0 million. At April 30, 2009, we had $1.8 million in cash, $2.2 million of interest receivable, $5.7 million of dividends payable, $17.0 million of borrowings outstanding under our secured revolving credit facility and unfunded commitments of $11.0 million.

As of September 30, 2008, we had $22.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, portfolio investments (at fair value) of $273.8 million, $2.4 million of interest receivable, no borrowings outstanding under our secured revolving credit facility and unfunded commitments of $24.7 million.

 

Below are the significant capital transactions that occurred from Inception through March 31, 2009:

 

On March 30, 2007, we closed on approximately $78 million in capital commitments from the sale of limited partnership interests of Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. As of September 30, 2007, we had closed on additional capital commitments, bringing the total amount of capital commitments to $165 million. We then closed on capital commitments from the sale of additional limited partnership interests of Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P., bringing the total amount of capital commitments to $169.4 million as of November 28, 2007.

 

On January 2, 2008, Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. merged with and into Fifth Street Finance Corp. At the time of the merger, all outstanding partnership interests in Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. were exchanged for 12,480,972 shares of common stock of Fifth Street Finance Corp.

 

On January 15, 2008, we entered into a $50 million secured revolving credit facility with the Bank of Montreal, at a rate of LIBOR plus 1.5%, with a one year maturity date. The credit facility is secured by our existing investments.

 

On April 25, 2008, we sold 30,000 shares of non-convertible, non-participating preferred stock, with a par value of $0.01 and a liquidation preference of $500 per share (“Series A Preferred Stock”) at a price of $500 per share to a company controlled by Bruce E. Toll, one of our directors at that time, for total proceeds of $15 million. For the three months ended June 30, 2008, we paid dividends of approximately $234,000 on the 30,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. The dividend payment is considered and included in interest expense for accounting purposes since the preferred stock has a mandatory redemption feature. On June 30, 2008, we redeemed 30,000 shares outstanding of our Series A Preferred Stock at the mandatory redemption price of 101% of the liquidation preference, or $15,150,000. The $150,000 is considered and all included in interest expense for accounting purposes due to the stock’s mandatory redemption feature.

 

On May 1, 2008, our Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.30 per share of common stock, paid on June 3, 2008 to shareholders of record as of May 19, 2008.

 

On June 17, 2008, we completed an initial public offering of 10,000,000 shares of our common stock at the offering price of $14.12 per share and received net proceeds of approximately $129.5 million. Our shares are currently listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “FSC.”

 

On August 6, 2008, our Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.31 per share of common stock, paid on September 26, 2008 to shareholders of record as of September 10, 2008.

 

In October 2008, we repurchased 78,000 shares of our common stock on the open market as part of our share repurchase program following its announcement on October 15, 2008.

 

On December 9, 2008, our Board of Directors declared a dividend of $0.32 per share of common stock, paid on December 29, 2008 to shareholders of record as of December 19, 2008, and a dividend of $0.33 per share of common stock, payable on January 29, 2009 to shareholders of record as of December 30, 2008.

 

On December 18, 2008, our Board of Directors declared a special dividend of $0.05 per share of common stock, payable on January 29, 2009 to shareholders of record as of December 30, 2008.

 

On December 30, 2008, Bank of Montreal approved a renewal of our $50 million credit facility. The terms included a 50 basis points commitment fee, an interest rate of LIBOR +3.25% and a term of 364 days.

 

On January 29, 2009, we borrowed $1.0 million from our secured revolving credit facility with Bank of Montreal. This amount was repaid in full on January 30, 2009. Also, we borrowed $21.0 million from the facility on March 30, 2009. This amount remained outstanding at March 31, 2009.

 

We intend to continue to generate cash primarily from cash flows from operations, including interest earned from the temporary investment of cash in U.S. government securities and other high-quality debt investments that mature in one year or less, future borrowings and future offerings of securities. In the future, we may also securitize

a portion of our investments in first and second lien senior loans or unsecured debt or other assets. To securitize loans, we would likely create a wholly owned subsidiary and contribute a pool of loans to the subsidiary. We would then sell interests in the subsidiary on a non-recourse basis to purchasers and we would retain all or a portion of the equity in the subsidiary. Our primary use of funds is investments in our targeted asset classes and cash distributions to holders of our common stock.

 

Although we expect to fund the growth of our investment portfolio through the net proceeds from future equity offerings, including our dividend reinvestment plan, and issuances of senior securities or future borrowings, to the extent permitted by the 1940 Act, we cannot assure you that our plans to raise capital will be successful. In this regard, because our common stock has traded at a price below our current net asset value per share over the last several months and we are limited in our ability to sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share, we have been and may continue to be limited in our ability to raise equity capital. See “Risk Factors - Risks Relating to Our Business and Structure — Regulations governing our operation as a business development company will affect our ability to, and the way in which we, raise additional capital” and “- Because we intend to distribute between 90% and 100% of our income to our stockholders in connection with our election to be treated as a RIC, we will continue to need additional capital to finance our growth. If additional funds are unavailable or not available on favorable terms, our ability to grow will be impaired” for a discussion of the provisions of the 1940 Act that limit our ability to sell our common stock at a price below net asset value per share.

 

In addition, we intend to distribute between 90% and 100% of our taxable income to our stockholders in order to satisfy the requirements applicable to RICs under Subchapter M of the Code. See “Regulated Investment Company Status and Dividends” below. Consequently, we may not have the funds or the ability to fund new investments, to make additional investments in our portfolio companies, to fund our unfunded commitments to portfolio companies or to repay borrowings under our $50 million secured revolving credit facility, which matures on December 29, 2009. In addition, the illiquidity of our portfolio investments may make it difficult for us to sell these investments when desired and, if we are required to sell these investments, we may realize significantly less than their recorded value. As of March 31, 2009, we had $3.7 million in cash, portfolio investments (at fair value) of $290.8 million, $2.8 million of interest receivable, $21.0 million of borrowings outstanding under our secured revolving credit facility and unfunded commitments of $11.0 million. At April 30, 2009, we had $1.8 million in cash, $2.2 million of interest receivable, $5.7 million of dividends payable, $17.0 million of borrowings outstanding under our secured revolving credit facility and unfunded commitments of $11.0 million. As of September 30, 2008, we had $22.9 million in cash and cash equivalents, portfolio investments (at fair value) of $273.8 million, no borrowings outstanding under our secured revolving credit facility, and unfunded commitments of $24.7 million.

 

Also, as a business development company, we generally are required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets, less liabilities and indebtedness not represented by senior securities, to total senior securities, which include all of our borrowings and any outstanding preferred stock, of at least 200%. This requirement limits the amount that we may borrow. As of March 31, 2009 and September 30, 2008, we were in compliance with this requirement. To fund growth in our investment portfolio in the future, we anticipate needing to raise additional capital from various sources, including the equity markets and the securitization or other debt-related markets, which may or may not be available on favorable terms, if at all.

 

Finally, in light of the recent worsening of the conditions in the financial markets and the U.S. economy overall, we are considering other measures to help ensure adequate liquidity, including the formation of and application to license a Small Business Investment Company subsidiary. We cannot provide any assurance that these measures will provide sufficient sources of liquidity to support our operations and growth given the unprecedented instability in the financial markets and the weak U.S. economy.

 

Borrowings

 

On January 15, 2008, we entered into a $50 million secured revolving credit facility with the Bank of Montreal, at a rate of LIBOR plus 1.5%, with a one year maturity date. The secured revolving credit facility is secured by our existing investments. At September 30, 2008, there were no amounts outstanding under the secured revolving credit facility. The weighted average rate for the loans was approximately 4.3%.

On December 30, 2008, Bank of Montreal renewed our $50 million credit facility. The terms include a 50 basis points commitment fee, an interest rate of LIBOR +3.25% and a term of 364 days. As of March 31, 2009, we had $21.0 million of borrowings outstanding under this credit facility. At April 30, 2009, we had $17.0 million of borrowings outstanding under this credit facility. The weighted average rate for the loans was approximately 3.9%.

 

Under the secured revolving credit facility we must satisfy several financial covenants, including maintaining a minimum level of stockholders’ equity, a maximum level of leverage and a minimum asset coverage ratio and interest coverage ratio. In addition, we must comply with other general covenants, including with respect to indebtedness, liens, restricted payments and mergers and consolidations. At March 31, 2009 and September 30, 2008, we were in compliance with these covenants.

 

Since our inception we have had funds available under the following agreements which we repaid or terminated prior to our election to be regulated as a business development company:

 

Note Agreements.

 

We received loans of $10 million on March 31, 2007 and $5 million on March 30, 2007 from Bruce E. Toll, a former member of our Board of Directors, on each occasion for the purpose of funding our investments in portfolio companies. These note agreements accrued interest at 12% per annum. On April 3, 2007, we repaid all outstanding borrowings under these note agreements.

 

Loan Agreements.

 

On April 2, 2007, we entered into a $50 million loan agreement with Wachovia Bank, N.A., which was available for funding investments. The borrowings under the loan agreement accrued interest at LIBOR (London Inter Bank Offered Rate) plus 0.75% per annum and had a maturity date in April 2008. In order to obtain such favorable rates, Mr. Toll, a former member of our Board of Directors, Mr. Tannenbaum, our president and chief executive officer, and FSMPIII GP, LLC, the general partner of our predecessor fund, each guaranteed our repayment of the $50 million loan. We paid Mr. Toll a fee of 1% per annum of the $50 million loan for such guarantee, which was paid quarterly or monthly at our election. Mr. Tannenbaum and FSMPIII GP received no compensation for their respective guarantees. As of November 27, 2007, we repaid and terminated this loan with Wachovia Bank, N.A.

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

 

We may be a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financial needs of our portfolio companies. As of March 31, 2009, our only off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $11.0 million of unfunded commitments to provide debt financing to certain of our portfolio companies. As of September 30, 2008, our only off-balance sheet arrangements consisted of $24.7 million of unfunded commitments to provide debt financing to certain of our portfolio companies. Such commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of the amount recognized in the balance sheet and are not reflected on our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Contractual Obligations

 

A summary of the composition of unfunded commitments (consisting of revolvers and term loans) as of March 31, 2009 and September 30, 2008 is shown in the table below:

 

 

We have entered into two contracts under which we have material future commitments, the investment advisory agreement, pursuant to which Fifth Street Management LLC has agreed to serve as our investment adviser, and the administration agreement, pursuant to which FSC, Inc. has agreed to furnish us with the facilities and administrative services necessary to conduct our day-to-day operations.

 

As discussed above, we have also entered into a $50 million secured revolving credit facility with Bank of Montreal, at a rate of LIBOR plus 3.25%, with a one year maturity date. This credit facility is secured by our existing investments. As of March 31, 2009, we had $21.0 million of borrowings outstanding under this credit facility. At April 30, 2009, we had $17.0 million of borrowings outstanding under this credit facility. At September 30, 2008, there were no amounts outstanding under this credit facility.

 

Regulated Investment Company Status and Dividends

 

Effective as of January 2, 2008, Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. merged with and into Fifth Street Finance Corp., which has elected to be treated as a business development company under the 1940 Act. We elected, effective as of January 2, 2008, to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code. As long as we qualify as a RIC, we will not be taxed on our investment company taxable income or realized net capital gains, to the extent that such taxable income or gains are distributed, or deemed to be distributed, to stockholders on a timely basis.

 

Taxable income generally differs from net income for financial reporting purposes due to temporary and permanent differences in the recognition of income and expenses, and generally excludes net unrealized appreciation or depreciation until realized. Dividends declared and paid by us in a year may differ from taxable income for that year as such dividends may include the distribution of current year taxable income or the distribution of prior year taxable income carried forward into and distributed in the current year. Distributions also may include returns of capital.

 

To maintain RIC tax treatment, we must, among other things, distribute, with respect to each taxable year, at least 90% of our investment company taxable income (i.e., our net ordinary income and our realized net short-term capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any). As a RIC, we are also subject to a federal excise tax, based on distributive requirements of our taxable income on a calendar year basis (i.e., calendar year 2009). We anticipate timely distribution of our taxable income within the tax rules, however, we may incur a U.S. federal excise tax for the calendar year 2009. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders on a quarterly basis of between 90% and 100% of our annual taxable income (which includes our taxable interest and fee income). We may retain for investment some or all of our net taxable capital gains (i.e., realized net long-term capital gains in excess of realized net short-term capital losses) and treat such amounts as deemed distributions to our stockholders. If we do this, our stockholders will be treated as if they received actual distributions of the capital gains we retained and then reinvested the net after-tax proceeds in our common stock. Our stockholders also may be eligible to claim tax credits (or, in certain circumstances, tax refunds) equal to their allocable share of the tax we paid on the capital gains deemed distributed to them. To the extent our taxable earnings for a fiscal taxable year fall below the total

amount of our dividends for that fiscal year, a portion of those dividend distributions may be deemed a return of capital to our stockholders.

 

We may not be able to achieve operating results that will allow us to make distributions at a specific level or to increase the amount of these distributions from time to time. In addition, we may be limited in our ability to make distributions due to the asset coverage test for borrowings applicable to us as a business development company under the 1940 Act and due to provisions in our credit facility. If we do not distribute a certain percentage of our taxable income annually, we will suffer adverse tax consequences, including possible loss of our status as a RIC. We cannot assure stockholders that they will receive any distributions or distributions at a particular level.

 

Pursuant to a recent revenue procedure issued by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) (Revenue Procedure 2009-15) (the “Revenue Procedure”), the IRS has indicated that it will treat distributions from certain publicly traded RICs (including BDCs) that are paid part in cash and part in stock as dividends that would satisfy the RIC’s annual distribution requirements and qualify for the dividends paid deduction for income tax purposes. In order to qualify for such treatment, the Revenue Procedure requires that at least 10% of the total distribution be paid in cash and that each shareholder have a right to elect to receive its entire distribution in cash. If too many shareholders elect to receive cash, each shareholder electing to receive cash must receive a proportionate share of the cash to be distributed (although no shareholder electing to receive cash may receive less than 10% of such shareholder’s distribution in cash). This revenue procedure applies to distributions made with respect to taxable years ending prior to January 1, 2010.

 

Related Party Transactions

 

We have entered into an investment advisory agreement with Fifth Street Management LLC, our investment adviser. Fifth Street Management is controlled by Leonard M. Tannenbaum, its managing member and our president and chief executive officer. Pursuant to the investment advisory agreement, payments will be equal to (a) a base management fee of 2.0% of the value of our gross assets, which includes any borrowings for investment purposes, and (b) an incentive fee based on our performance.

 

Pursuant to the administration agreement with FSC, Inc., FSC, Inc. will furnish us with the facilities and administrative services necessary to conduct our day-to-day operations, including equipment, clerical, bookkeeping and recordkeeping services at such facilities. In addition, FSC, Inc. will assist us in connection with the determination and publishing of our net asset value, the preparation and filing of tax returns and the printing and dissemination of reports to our stockholders. We will pay FSC, Inc. our allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by it in performing its obligations under the administration agreement, including a portion of the rent and the compensation of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer, and their respective staffs. Each of these contracts may be terminated by either party without penalty upon no fewer than 60 days’ written notice to the other.

 

Mr. Toll, a former member of our Board of Directors and the father-in-law of Mr. Tannenbaum, our president and chief executive officer and the managing partner of our investment adviser, was one of the three guarantors under a $50 million loan agreement between Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P., our predecessor fund, from Wachovia Bank, N.A. Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. paid Mr. Toll a fee of 1% per annum of the $50 million loan for such guarantee, which was paid quarterly or monthly at our election. Mr. Tannenbaum, our president and chief executive officer, and FSMPIII GP, LLC, the general partner of our predecessor fund, were each also guarantors under the loan, although they received no compensation for their respective guarantees. As of November 27, 2007, we terminated this loan with Wachovia Bank, N.A.

 

We have also entered into a license agreement with Fifth Street Capital LLC pursuant to which Fifth Street Capital LLC has agreed to grant us a non-exclusive, royalty-free license to use the name “Fifth Street.” Fifth Street Capital LLC is controlled by Mr. Tannenbaum, its managing member. Under this agreement, we will have a right to use the “Fifth Street” name, for so long as Fifth Street Management LLC or one of its affiliates remains our investment adviser. Other than with respect to this limited license, we will have no legal right to the “Fifth Street” name.

 

On April 4, 2008 our Board of Directors approved a certificate of amendment to our restated certificate of incorporation reclassifying 200,000 shares of our common stock as shares of non-convertible, non-participating preferred stock, with a par value of $0.01 and a liquidation preference of $500 per share (“Series A Preferred

Stock”) and authorizing the issuance of up to 200,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. Our certificate of amendment was also approved by the holders of a majority of the shares of our outstanding common stock through a written consent first solicited on April 7, 2008. On April 24, 2008 we filed our certificate of amendment and on April 25, 2008, we sold 30,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock to a company controlled by Bruce E. Toll, one of our directors at that time. For the three months ended June 30, 2008, we paid dividends of approximately $234,000 on the 30,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock. On June 30, 2008, we redeemed all 30,000 shares of Series A Preferred Stock at the mandatory redemption price of 101% of the liquidation preference or $15,150,000.

 

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk

 

We are subject to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates. Changes in interest rates may affect both our cost of funding and our interest income from portfolio investments, cash and cash equivalents and idle funds investments. Our risk management systems and procedures are designed to identify and analyze our risk, to set appropriate policies and limits and to continually monitor these risks and limits by means of reliable administrative and information systems and other policies and programs. Our investment income will be affected by changes in various interest rates, including LIBOR and prime rates, to the extent any of our debt investments include floating interest rates. The significant majority of our debt investments are made with fixed interest rates for the term of the investment. However, as of March 31, 2009, approximately 6.0% of our debt investment portfolio (at fair value) and 5.8% of our debt investment portfolio (at cost) bore interest at floating rates. As of March 31, 2009, we had not entered into any interest rate hedging arrangements. At March 31, 2009, based on our applicable levels of floating-rate debt investments, a 1.0% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on our level of interest income from debt investments.

 

Information about our senior securities is shown in the following tables as of the applicable fiscal year ended September 30, unless otherwise noted.

 

 

 

 

General

 

We are a specialty finance company that lends to and invests in small and mid-sized companies in connection with investments by private equity sponsors. We define small and mid-sized companies as those with annual revenues between $25 million and $250 million. We are externally managed and advised by Fifth Street Management, whose principals collectively have over 50 years of experience lending to and investing in small and mid-sized companies. Fifth Street Management is an affiliate of Fifth Street Capital LLC, a private investment firm founded and managed by Leonard M. Tannenbaum who has led the investment of over $450 million in small and mid-sized companies since 1998.

 

Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolio’s total return by generating current income from our debt investments and capital appreciation from our equity investments. To meet our investment objective we seek to (i) capitalize on our investment adviser’s strong relationships with private equity sponsors; (ii) focus on transactions involving small and mid-sized companies which we believe offer higher yielding debt investment opportunities, lower leverage levels and other terms more favorable than transactions involving larger companies; (iii) continue our growth of direct originations; (iv) employ disciplined underwriting policies and rigorous portfolio management practices; (v) structure our investments to minimize risk of loss and achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns; and (vi) leverage the skills and experience of our investment adviser.

 

As of March 31, 2009, we have originated $343.3 million of investments and our portfolio totaled $290.8 million at fair value and was comprised of investments in 26 portfolio companies. The weighted average annualized yield of our debt investments as of March 31, 2009 was approximately 16.4%. Our investments generally range in size from $5 million to $40 million and are principally in the form of first and second lien debt investments, which may also include an equity component. As of March 31, 2009, all of our debt investments were secured by first or second priority liens on the assets of our portfolio companies. Moreover, we held equity investments consisting of common stock, preferred stock or LLC interests in 20 out of 26 portfolio companies as of March 31, 2009.

 

Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P., our predecessor fund, commenced operations as a private partnership on February 15, 2007. Effective as of January 2, 2008, Fifth Street Mezzanine Partners III, L.P. merged with and into Fifth Street Finance Corp., a newly formed corporation that is an externally managed, closed-end, non-diversified management investment company which has elected to be treated as a business development company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, or the “1940 Act.”

 

As a business development company, we are required to comply with regulatory requirements, including limitations on our use of debt. We are permitted to, and expect to, finance our investments using debt and equity. See “Regulation.” We also elected, effective as of January 2, 2008, to be treated for federal income tax purposes as a regulated investment company, or “RIC,” under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code, or “Code.” See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations.” As a RIC, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level federal income taxes on any net ordinary income or capital gains that we distribute to our stockholders as dividends if we meet certain source-of-income, distribution and asset diversification requirements.

 

The Investment Adviser

 

Our investment adviser is led by six principals who collectively have over 50 years of experience lending to and investing in small and mid-sized companies. Our investment adviser is affiliated with Fifth Street Capital LLC, a private investment firm founded and managed by Leonard M. Tannenbaum who has led the investment of over $450 million in small and mid-sized companies since 1998. Mr. Tannenbaum and his respective private investment firms have acted as the lead (and often sole) first or second lien investor in over 50 investment transactions. The other investment funds managed by these private investment firms generally are fully committed and, other than follow-on investments in existing portfolio companies, are no longer making investments.

 

We benefit from our investment adviser’s ability to identify attractive investment opportunities, conduct diligence on and value prospective investments, negotiate investments and manage a diversified portfolio of those investments. The principals of our investment adviser have broad investment backgrounds, with prior experience at investment funds,

investment banks and other financial services companies and have developed a broad network of contacts within the private equity community. This network of contacts provides our principal source of investment opportunities.

 

The principals of our investment adviser are Mr. Tannenbaum, our president and chief executive officer and our investment adviser’s managing partner, Marc A. Goodman, our chief investment officer and our investment adviser’s senior partner, Juan E. Alva, a partner of our investment adviser, Bernard D. Berman, our chief compliance officer, executive vice president and secretary and a partner of our investment adviser, Ivelin M. Dimitrov, a partner of our investment adviser, and William H. Craig, our chief financial officer.

 

Business Strategy

 

Our investment objective is to maximize our portfolio’s total return by generating current income from our debt investments and capital appreciation from our equity investments. We have adopted the following business strategy to achieve our investment objective:

 

 

 

Investment Criteria

 

The principals of our investment adviser have identified the following investment criteria and guidelines for use in evaluating prospective portfolio companies and they use these criteria and guidelines in evaluating investment opportunities for us. However, not all of these criteria and guidelines were, or will be, met in connection with each of our investments.

 

 

Deal Origination

 

Our deal originating efforts are focused on building relationships with private equity sponsors that are focused on investing in the small and mid-sized companies that we target. We divide the country geographically into Eastern, Central and Western regions and emphasize active, consistent sponsor coverage. Over the last ten years, the investment professionals of our investment adviser have developed an extensive network of relationships with these private equity sponsors. We estimate that there are approximately 1,500 of such private equity firms and our investment adviser has active relationships with over 140 of them. An active relationship is one through which our investment adviser has received at least one investment opportunity from the private equity sponsor within the last year.

Our investment adviser reviewed over 240 potential investment transactions with private equity sponsors in the twelve months ended March 31, 2009. All of the investment transactions that we have completed to date were originated through our investment adviser’s relationships with private equity sponsors. We believe that our investment adviser has a reputation as a reliable, responsive and efficient source of funding to support private equity investments. We believe that this reputation and the relationships of our investment adviser with private equity sponsors will provide us with significant investment opportunities.

 

Our origination process is designed to efficiently evaluate a large number of opportunities and to identify the most attractive of such opportunities. A significant number of opportunities that clearly do not fit our investment criteria are screened by Mr. Goodman and Mr. Alva, the partners of our investment adviser responsible for deal origination (each an “originator”), when they are initially identified. If an originator believes that an opportunity fits our investment criteria and merits consideration, the investment is presented to our investment adviser’s Investment Committee. This is the first stage of our origination process, the “Review” stage. During this stage, the originator gives a preliminary description of the opportunity. This is followed by preliminary due diligence, from which an investment summary is created that includes a scoring of the investment against our investment adviser’s proprietary scoring model. The opportunity may be discussed several times by the full Investment Committee of our investment adviser, or subsets of that Committee. At any point in this stage, we may reject the opportunity, and, indeed, we have historically decided not to proceed with more than 80% of the investment opportunities reviewed by our investment adviser’s Investment Committee.

 

For the subset of opportunities that we decide to pursue, we issue preliminary term sheets and classify them in the “Term Sheet Issued” stage. This term sheet serves as a basis for negotiating the critical terms of a transaction. At this stage we begin our underwriting and investment approval process, as more fully described below. After the term sheet for a potential transaction has been fully negotiated, the transaction is presented to our investment adviser’s Investment Committee for approval. If the deal is approved, the term sheet is signed. Approximately half of the term sheets we issue result in an executed term sheet. Our underwriting and investment approval process is ongoing during this stage, during which we begin documentation of the loan. The final stage, “Closings”, culminates with the funding of an investment only after all due diligence is satisfactorily completed and all closing conditions, including the sponsor’s funding of its investment in the portfolio company, have been satisfied.

 

Underwriting

 

Underwriting Process and Investment Approval

 

We make our investment decisions only after careful consideration of a number of factors regarding the potential investment including, but not limited to: (i) historical and projected financial performance; (ii) company and industry specific characteristics, such as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats; (iii) composition and experience of the management team; and (iv) track record of the private equity sponsor leading the transaction. Our investment adviser uses a proprietary scoring system that evaluates each opportunity. This methodology is employed to screen a high volume of potential investment opportunities on a consistent basis.

 

If an investment is deemed appropriate to pursue, a more detailed and rigorous evaluation is made along a variety of investment parameters, not all of which may be relevant or considered in evaluating a potential investment opportunity. The following outlines the general parameters and areas of evaluation and due diligence for investment decisions, although not all will necessarily be considered or given equal weighting in the evaluation process.

 

Management assessment

 

Our investment adviser makes an in-depth assessment of the management team, including evaluation along several key metrics:

 

 

 

Industry dynamics

 

An evaluation of the industry is undertaken by our investment adviser that considers several factors. If considered appropriate, industry experts will be consulted or retained. The following factors are analyzed by our investment adviser:

 

 

Business model and financial assessment

 

Prior to making an investment decision, our investment adviser will undertake a review and analysis of the financial and strategic plans for the potential investment. There is significant evaluation of and reliance upon the due diligence performed by the private equity sponsor and third party experts including accountants and consultants. Areas of evaluation include:

 

 

Private equity sponsor

 

Among the most critical due diligence investigations is the evaluation of the private equity sponsor making the investment. A private equity sponsor is typically the controlling shareholder upon completion of an investment and as such is considered critical to the success of the investment. The equity sponsor is evaluated along several key criteria, including:

 

 

Investments

 

We target debt investments that will yield meaningful current income and provide the opportunity for capital appreciation through equity securities. We typically structure our debt investments with the maximum seniority and collateral that we can reasonably obtain while seeking to achieve our total return target. In most cases, our debt investment will be collateralized by a first or second lien on the assets of the portfolio company. As of March 31, 2009, all of our debt investments were secured by first or second priority liens on the assets of the portfolio company.

Debt Investments

 

We tailor the terms of our debt investments to the facts and circumstances of the transaction and prospective portfolio company, negotiating a structure that seeks to protect our rights and manage our risk while creating incentives for the portfolio company to achieve its business plan. A substantial source of return is monthly cash interest that we collect on our debt investments. As of March 31, 2009, we directly originated 100% of our loans.

 

 

We typically structure our debt investments to include covenants that seek to minimize our risk of capital loss. Our debt investments have strong protections, including default penalties, information rights, board observation rights, and affirmative, negative and financial covenants, such as lien protection and prohibitions against change of control. Our debt investments also have substantial prepayment penalties designed to extend the life of the average loan, which we believe will help to grow our portfolio.

 

The 26 debt investments in our portfolio as of March 31, 2009, had a weighted average debt to EBITDA multiple of 3.6x calculated at the time of origination of the investment.

 

Equity Investments

 

When we make a debt investment, we may be granted equity in the company in the same class of security as the sponsor receives upon funding. In addition, we may from time to time make non-control, equity co-investments in conjunction with private equity sponsors. We generally seek to structure our equity investments, such as direct equity co-investments, to provide us with minority rights provisions and event-driven put rights. We also seek to obtain limited registration rights in connection with these investments, which may include “piggyback” registration rights.

 

Portfolio Management

 

Active Involvement in our Portfolio Companies

 

As a business development company we are obligated to offer to provide managerial assistance to our portfolio companies and to provide it if requested. In fact, we provide managerial assistance to our portfolio companies as a general practice and we seek investments where such assistance is appropriate. We monitor the financial trends of each portfolio company to assess the appropriate course of action for each company and to evaluate overall portfolio quality. We have several methods of evaluating and monitoring the performance of our investments, including but not limited to, the following:

 

 

 

Rating Criteria

 

In addition to various risk management and monitoring tools, we will also use an investment rating system to characterize and monitor the credit profile and our expected level of returns on each investment in our portfolio. We will use a five-level numeric rating scale. The following is a description of the conditions associated with each investment rating:

 

 

In the event that we determine that an investment is underperforming, or circumstances suggest that the risk associated with a particular investment has significantly increased, we will undertake more aggressive monitoring of the effected portfolio company. While our investment rating system identifies the relative risk for each investment, the rating alone does not dictate the scope and/or frequency of any monitoring that we perform. The frequency of our monitoring of an investment is determined by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the trends in the financial performance of the portfolio company, the investment structure and the type of collateral securing our investment, if any.

 

Exit Strategies/Refinancing

 

We expect to exit our investments typically through one of three scenarios: (i) the sale of the company resulting in repayment of all outstanding debt, (ii) the recapitalization of the company in which our loan is replaced with debt or equity from a third party or parties or (iii) the repayment of the initial or remaining principal amount of our loan then outstanding at maturity. In some investments, there may be scheduled amortization of some portion of our loan which would result in a partial exit of our investment prior to the maturity of the loan.

Determination of Net Asset Value and Valuation Process

 

Quarterly Net Asset Value Determinations

 

We will determine the net asset value per share of our common stock on a quarterly basis. The net asset value per share is equal to the value of our total assets minus liabilities and any preferred stock outstanding divided by the total number of shares of common stock outstanding.

 

We are required to report our investments that are not publicly traded or for which current market values are not readily available at fair value. The fair value is deemed to be the value at which an enterprise could be sold in a transaction between two willing parties other than through a forced or liquidation sale.

 

Under SFAS 157, which we adopted effective October 1, 2008, we perform detailed valuations of our debt and equity investments on an individual basis, using market based, income based, and bond yield approaches as appropriate.

 

Under the market approach, we estimate the enterprise value of the portfolio companies in which we invest. There is no one methodology to estimate enterprise value and, in fact, for any one portfolio company, enterprise value is best expressed as a range of fair values, from which we derive a single estimate of enterprise value. To estimate the enterprise value of a portfolio company, we analyze various factors, including the portfolio company’s historical and projected financial results. We generally require portfolio companies to provide annual audited and quarterly and monthly unaudited financial statements, as well as annual projections for the upcoming fiscal year. Typically, private companies are valued based on multiples of EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest. Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization), cash flows, net income, revenues, or in limited cases, book value.

 

Under the income approach, we generally prepare and analyze discounted cash flow models based on our projections of the future free cash flows of the business. We also use bond yield models to determine the present value of the future cash flow streams of our debt investments. We review various sources of transactional data, including private mergers and acquisitions involving debt investments with similar characteristics, and assess the information in the valuation process.

 

We also may, when conditions warrant, utilize an expected recovery model, whereby we use alternate procedures to determine value when the customary approaches are deemed to be not as relevant or reliable.

 

Our Board of Directors undertakes a multi-step valuation process each quarter in connection with determining the fair value of our investments:

 

 

The fair value of all of our investments at March 31, 2009, and September 30, 2008, was determined by our Board of Directors.

 

Our Board of Directors has engaged an independent valuation firm to provide us with valuation assistance with respect to at least 90% of the cost basis of our investment portfolio in any given quarter. Upon completion of its process each quarter, the independent valuation firm provides us with a written report regarding the preliminary valuations of selected portfolio securities as of the close of such quarter. We will continue to engage an independent valuation firm to provide us with assistance regarding our determination of the fair value of selected portfolio securities each quarter; however, our Board of Directors is ultimately and solely responsible for determining the fair value of our investments in good faith.

 

An independent valuation firm, Murray, Devine & Co., Inc., provided us with assistance in our determination of the fair value of 91.9% of our portfolio for the quarter ended December 31, 2007, 92.1% of our portfolio for the quarter ended March 31, 2008, 91.7% of our portfolio for the quarter ended June 30, 2008, 92.8% of our portfolio for the quarter ended September 30, 2008, 100% of our portfolio for the quarter ended December 31, 2008, and 88.7% of our portfolio for the quarter ended March 31, 2009 (or 96.0% of our portfolio excluding our investment in IZI Medical Products, Inc., which closed on March 31, 2009 and therefore was not part of the independent valuation process). The independent third party provides negative assurance with regard to the reasonableness of the valuations.

 

Determination of fair values involves subjective judgments and estimates. The notes to our financial statements will refer to the uncertainty with respect to the possible effect of such valuations, and any change in such valuations, on our financial statements.

 

Competition

 

We compete for investments with a number of business development companies and investment funds (including private equity funds and mezzanine funds), as well as traditional financial services companies such as commercial banks and other sources of financing. Many of these entities have greater financial and managerial resources than we do. We believe we are able to be competitive with these entities primarily on the basis of the experience and contacts of our management team, our responsive and efficient investment analysis and decision-making processes, the investment terms we offer, and our willingness to make smaller investments.

 

We believe that some of our competitors make first and second lien loans with interest rates and returns that are comparable to or lower than the rates and returns that we target. Therefore, we do not seek to compete solely on the interest rates and returns that we offer to potential portfolio companies. For additional information concerning the competitive risks we face, see “Risk Factors — Risk Relating to Our Business and Structure — We may face increasing competition for investment opportunities, which could reduce returns and result in losses.”

 

Employees

 

We do not have any employees. Our day-to-day investment operations are managed by our investment adviser. See “Investment Advisory Agreement.” Our investment adviser employs a total of sixteen investment professionals, including its six principals. In addition, we reimburse our administrator, FSC, Inc., for the allocable portion of overhead and other expenses incurred by it in performing its obligations under an administration agreement, including the compensation of our chief financial officer and chief compliance officer, and their staff. For a more detailed discussion of the administration agreement, see “Administration Agreement.”

 

Properties

 

Our executive office is located at White Plains Plaza, 445 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 1206, White Plains, NY 10601. We also have an office located at 15233 Ventura Boulevard, Penthouse 2, Sherman Oaks, CA 91403. We believe that our current office facilities are adequate for our business as we intend to conduct it.

 

Legal Proceedings

 

Although we may, from time to time, be involved in litigation arising out of our operations in the normal course of business or otherwise, we are currently not a party to any pending material legal proceedings.

 

The following table sets forth certain information as of March 31, 2009, for each portfolio company in which we had a debt or equity investment. Other than these investments, our only formal relationships with our portfolio companies are the managerial assistance ancillary to our investments and the board observation or participation rights we may receive.